Skill 26

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Penn Foster College *

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Medicine

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Jan 9, 2024

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Prescription Medications: Apoquel (Oclacitinib)  Drug Class: Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor Class  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Control of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis and control of atopic dermatitis  Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits the function of pruritogenic cytokines and pro- inflammatory cytokines, as well as those involved that are dependent on JAK1 or JAK3 enzyme activity  Contraindications: Not for dogs under 12 months, not for dogs with serious infections, not for use in breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs  Side Effects: Vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, elevated liver enzymes  (Zoetis, 2020) Galliprant (Grapiprant)  Drug Class: Piprant Class  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Reduce acute and chronic pain and inflammation  Mechanisms of Action: Non-COX inhibiting NSAID that specifically targets the EP4 receptor, and prostaglandin E2 which acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator of skin redness, edema, and pain  Contraindications: Should not be used in dogs allergic to the drug, dogs younger than 9 months, dogs weighing less than 8 pounds, breeding, pregnant, or nursing dogs, or in dogs with severe heart disease

 Side Effects: Vomiting, diarrhea, low appetite, blood or mucous in stool, and decreased blood protein levels  (Gollakner, n.d.) Buprenex (Buprenorphine)  Drug Class: Narcotic Analgesic  Controlled Status: Schedule III  Therapeutic Effects: Helps manage and dull pain, especially before, during, and after surgery  Mechanisms of Action: Partial agonist of the mu receptor, weak kappa receptor antagonist and delta receptor agonist  Contraindications: Not for pets with liver disease, respiratory depression, or those with a known sensitivity to opiates. Not for those taking MAOIs, opiate agonists or antagonists, protein bound drugs, naloxone, or pancuronium bromide  Side Effects: Respiratory depression and sedation  (Bourne, 2020) Theophylline  Drug Class: Bronchodilator  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Prevent and treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases by relaxing and opening air passages in the lungs, making it easier to breathe  Mechanisms of Action: Relaxes the smooth muscles located in the brochial airways and pulmonary blood vessels

 Contraindications: Should not be used in pets allergic to it, and used with caution in pets with severe heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms, seizures, stomach ulcers, hyperthyroidism, or kidney or liver disease  Side Effects: CNS excitement, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea  (VCA Animal Hospitals, n.d.) Cephalexin  Drug Class: Cephalosporin Antibiotic  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Treat or prevent bacterial infections  Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to breakdown and eventual cell death  Contraindications: Not for use in pets with a known allergy to the drug; use caution in pregnant and nursing animals  Side Effects: Lack of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea  (Gollakner, n.d.) Over the Counter Medications: Terramycin  Drug Class: Tetracycline Antibiotic  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Treat symptoms of bacterial infection  Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis of gram-positive and -negative bacteria  Contraindications: Not for use in pets with a known allergy to the drug; use caution in pets with liver or kidney disease

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 Side Effects: Change in tooth color, rash, change in appetite, liver and kidney damage, and GI upset  (Gels, 2022) Cetirizine (Zyrtec)  Drug Class: Antihistamine  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Reduces allergy symptoms such as itchy, watery eyes, runny or blocked nose, sneezing, and skin rashes  Mechanisms of Action: Selectively inhibits peripheral H1 receptors  Contraindications: Not for use in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drug; use caution in pets with seizure disorders, difficulty urinating or defecating, thyroid problems, prostatic enlargement, or with heart, kidney, or liver disease  Side Effects: Vomiting, increased salivation, and sleepiness  (Brooks, 2020) Artificial Tears  Drug Class: Ophthalmic Agent  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Lubricating eyes, provide temporary relief of burning and irritation due to dryness of the eye  Mechanisms of Action: Mimics the action of mucin, the inner tear film layer that promotes wetting and adhesion of tears to the ocular surface  Contraindications: Not for use in pets that have corneal abrasions, ocular infections or trauma, or visual disturbances

 Side Effects: Hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing  (Emergent, 2022) Famotidine (Pepcid AC)  Drug Class: H2 Blocker  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Treatment of stomach acid-related GI conditions  Mechanisms of Action: Inhibit acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors on the parietal cell  Contraindications: Not for use in pets allergic to it; use caution in pets with liver, kidney, or heart disease, geriatric, pregnant, or nursing pets  Side Effects: Low heart rate, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, headache, dry mouth, and dry skin  (Brooks, 2022) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)  Drug Class: Antihistamine  Controlled Status: Not a controlled substance  Therapeutic Effects: Treating short-term sleep problems and cough/cold symptoms  Mechanisms of Action: Acts as an inverse agonist at the H1 receptor, thereby reversing the effects of histamine on capillaries, reducing allergic reaction symptoms  Contraindications: Use caution in pets with glaucoma, prostate enlargement, intestinal or bladder obstruction, COPD, elevated thyroid hormone, heart disease, high blood pressure, pregnant, lactating, geriatric, or working dogs

 Side Effects: Lethargy, dry mouth, urinary retention, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite  (Brooks, 2020) References Bourne, S. (2020, August 26). BUPRENEX - medical opiate for serious pain in dogs and cats - . Pet Care Rx. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://www.petcarerx.com/medication- guides/a-guide-to-buprenex-an-medical-opiate-for-pets/1305 Brooks, W. (2020, September 3). Cetirizine Hydrochloride (Zyrtec) . VIN. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=5419140 Brooks, W. (2022, August 24). Famotidine (pepcid, Pepcid AC, Pepcid RPD) . VIN. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx? pid=19239&id=4951496 Brooks, W. (2021, September 14). Diphenhydramine (benadryl, Vetadryl, Banophen, Diphenhist) . VIN. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=154455&id=4951431 Emergent, A. (2022, October 4). Artificial tears for pets: Uses, side effects, and more . Airvet. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.airvet.com/blog/artificial-tears-for-pets/ Gels, A. V. (2022, July 27). Terramycin® (Oxytetracycline, polymyxin B) ophthalmic ointment . PetMD. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.petmd.com/pet- medication/terramycin-oxytetracycline-polymyxin-b-ophthalmic-ointment Gollakner, R. (n.d.). Grapiprant: VCA Animal Hospitals . VCA. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/grapiprant#:~:text=Side%20effects%20include %20vomiting%2C%20diarrhea,with%20liver%20or%20kidney%20disease. Gollakner, R. (n.d.). Cephalexin: VCA Animal Hospitals . VCA. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cephalexin VCA Animal Hospitals. (n.d.). Theophylline: VCA Animal Hospitals . VCA. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/theophylline#:~:text=What%20is %20theophylline%3F,label'%20or%20'extra%20label. Zoetis. (2020, December). Apoquel® (oclacitinib tablet): Fast-acting and safe itch relief for dogs . Apoquel Prescribing Information. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from

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https://www.zoetisus.com/products/dogs/apoquel/assets/downloadable- resources/1413113_m03r_apl_infosheet_fda_labelupdate-_1__new2019.pdf

Skill 26

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