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Kenyatta University *
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415
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Medicine
Date
Nov 24, 2024
Type
docx
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4
Uploaded by mercy4321
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Anti-blocker medication
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
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Anti-blocker medication
Anti-blockers or Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are blood pressure medications that widen or dilate blood vessels to increase the amount of blood pumped by the heart and lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors also improve blood flow, reducing your heart's effort and safeguarding your kidneys from the side effects of diabetes and hypertension. This paper describes the indications of blocker conditions, the mechanisms that should be taken by the
patient in case of diagnosis, what a physician should monitor in a patient with a blocker condition, the patients' variables, the side effects of the anti-blocker medication, the adverse effects and the teachings.
ACE inhibitors are an additional form of treatment for systolic heart failure. Guidelines recommend ACE inhibitors to treat patients with heart failure and low Ejection fraction and help patients with low Ejection fraction who have a history of myocardial infarction avoid heart failure. Adults and children over six can be treated for hypertension with ACE inhibitors or other
antihypertensive medications.
The angiotensin-converting enzyme is a component of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system that promotes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (Bravi et al., 2020). ACE inhibitors are competitive inhibitors that prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that, when inhibited, can lower blood pressure by dilating vessels and decreasing aldosterone secretion.
Consequently, the renal function is typically monitored using serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen BUN, and electrolytes such as potassium. In patients with collagen vascular disease and renal impairment, a complete blood count with differential should be performed regularly to assess erythropoietin production in the kidneys. Consider baseline hepatic function tests in people with hypotensive symptoms within 1 to 3 hours of the initial dose, increasing
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dosages, or a history of hepatic impairment. Patients with abnormal renal function may experience worsening renal function and increased potassium levels while taking ACE inhibitors (Voors et al., 2021). Because ACE inhibitors lower afterload and result in severe hypotension, they shouldn't be used by patients with aortic valve stenosis. Hypovolemic patients: ACE inhibitors should not be used to treat these patients because they risk making them even more dehydrated and hypovolemic.
Generally, elevated blood potassium levels, headache, weakness, abnormal taste, rash, chest pain, increased uric acid levels, and sun sensitivity are all side effects of ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors' adverse effects include coughing, dizziness, hypotension, increased BUN and creatinine, syncope, and hyperkalemia.
Before starting, the doctor should be informed of other medicines one is taking, and using ACE inhibitors when pregnant is prohibited. Follow-up care is very important for patient treatment and safety.
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References
Bravi, F., Flacco, M. E., Carradori, T., Volta, C. A., Cosenza, G., De Togni, A., Acuti Martellucci, C., Parruti, G., Mantovani, L., & Manzoli, L. (2020). Predictors of severe or lethal COVID-19, including Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers, in a sample of infected Italian citizens.
PLOS ONE
,
15
(6), e0235248.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235248
Voors, A. A., Mulder, H., Reyes, E., Cowie, M. R., Lassus, J., Hernandez, A. F., Ezekowitz, J. A., Butler, J., O'Connor, C. M., Koglin, J., Lam, C. S., Pieske, B., Roessig, L., Ponikowski, P., Anstrom, K. J., & Armstrong, P. W. (2021). Renal function and the effects of vericiguat in patients with worsening heart failure with reduced ejection
fraction: Insights from the <scp>VICTORIA</scp> ( <scp>Vericiguat</scp> global study in subjects with <scp>HFrEF</scp> ) trial.
European Journal of Heart Failure
,
23
(8), 1313-1321.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2221