Lab 6 Report
pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
California State University, Long Beach *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
336
Subject
Mechanical Engineering
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
7
Uploaded by Avalon123
Lab #6 - Energy losses in pipe bends
CE 336 – Fluid Mechanics Lab
Instructor: Andres Acosta, MS, PE
Group Members:
Macias Silva, Salvador
Date of Lab: 10/12/22
Date Submitted: 11/09/22
Introduction
For this lab, the goal was to demonstrate the minor loss of the fluids flowing in the pipe
bends. By doing this lab, we can observe how the pipe fittings and flow rates affect the minor
loss coefficients. To begin, the control valve was set to read all the different manometers. Next,
the time was collected when 5 liters of water were collected. Set the bench controls to a different
level after the reading was done. This data resulted in flow rate, velocity, and loss coefficient
calculations. On the other hand, for the second section of the lab, the flow control valve was set
in one constant level, but the only thing changing was the gate valve that differed from fifty to
seventy to eighty percent of a complete turn. With this data, we were able to see the loss
coefficient in the opening of the valve.
Purpose of Study
Throughout the experiment, the purpose was to understand minor losses for different pipe
fittings as well as the flow rates for different pipe fittings.
Theory
The energy lost through the fluid flows of a pipe is known as major and minor losses.
Minor losses are due to the loss of pipe fittings. These minor losses can be calculated by the
formula.
∆
(1)
ℎ = 𝐾
𝑉
2
2𝑔
V represents the velocity through the pipe. As for K, it's dependent on the type of pipe fittings.
The second equation can also find K.
K =
(2)
∆ℎ
𝑉
2
/2𝑔
By taking the manometer reading before and after the pipe fitting, the head loss (∆h) can be
experimentally found. As for pipe expansion loss, it can be calculated with the equation.
(3)
ℎ
𝑒𝑥𝑝
= (𝑉
1
− 𝑉
2
)
2
2𝑔 To eliminate the effect of cross-sectional area in the pipe, the additional loss should be added to
the measured head loss for pipe expansion or contractions.
Equipment
The equipment used during the experiment included:
●
F1-22 Armfield apparatus
●
Hydraulic bench
●
Mitre bend
●
Elbow bend
●
Short bend
●
Area enlargement
●
Area contraction
●
Stopwatch
Experimental Set-Up & Procedures
Begin by opening the water valve, gate valve, and flow control valve on the hydraulic
bench. Next, stabilize the water level and record all the monometer readings for the given flow
rate. By collecting 5L of water and recording the time it takes to reach that level, you will find
the flow rate. Lastly, repeat the procedure for different flow rates ranging from 8 to 17 liters per
second for 5 sets. For the second experiment, make sure to keep the gate valve closed. Second,
open the valve for the hydraulic bench as well as the flow control valve of the apparatus. Then
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
do a half turn and turn on the pump. Similarly, collect 5L of water in order to find the flow rate
and measure the pressure drop across the valve. Then adjust the flow control to set different flow
rates. Continue by repeating step one, but this time turn open the gate valve for about 70% and
take 5 sets of readings for the flow rate and the pressure drop in the valves. Lastly, repeat one
more time with about 80% of a turn and record the 5 sets once again.
Calculations
Velocity: Flow Rate Q/Area
(1.5 e^−4) /(π/4 ∗
0.0183^2) =0.570
Loss Coefficient: K= delta h / V^2/2g
(.014) /((0.570^2)/ 2
∗
9.8) = .85
Reynold’s Number: V*D/v
(0.570
∗
0.0183)/(1.002 e^−6) = 10410.2
Discussion
Questions
1.
Why fluid losses energy when flowing through various pipe fittings?
●
Fluid flows tend to lose energy in the pipe fittings when the streamlines are not
straight. This occurs from the viscosity as well as the fitting geometry.
2.
When is it ok to ignore minor losses?
●
Minor losses are ok to be ignored when working with an open valve, under
turbulent flows, or when the pipe length is too long that major losses are greater
than minor losses.
Conclusion
Throughout the experiment, the purpose was to understand the minor losses caused by
differences in pipe fittings and the variable flow rates. During experiment one, it was noted that
head loss was much dependent on the pipes velocity flow. A lower velocity was shown to give
less head loss, and a higher velocity resulted in more head loss. On the other hand, it was noted
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
that the loss of (K) was a constant value tied to a respective fitting. As a result, in the sharper
turning edges, there was more energy lost compared to the more gradual turning radius. In
experiment two, when the valve was opened further, it showed a decrease in the loss of the
coefficient. When opening the valve, 50% compared to 80%, was shown how the reduction of
energy loss was much greater.
References
Sultana, Rebeka. "Lab #6 Energy losses in pipe bends."
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Student
Manual
. 2017. Print.
Related Documents
Related Questions
For my assigment, I was asked to design a electric motorbike that has a peformance equal to Honda CBR1000 Fireblade which has a petrol engine. A part of the the assignment is to calculate " An estimate of maximum Power your new motor will need to generate to match the Honda’s performance." I can make the assumption, apart from changing the motor, everything else is going to stay the same so the fairing,the rider and etc they're gonna be the same for the two bikes. So can you please tell me how I can calculate that which information would I need ?
arrow_forward
can you help me with part b) please
arrow_forward
Question 4
A team of engineers tasked with the design of a pipe system is currently sizing
some of the different subsections. The team has started by identifying two types
of pipes, each of them involving different fluids (water and glycerin) as shown in
Figure 4 below. Material roughness is e = 10μm for both.
D₁ = 0.1m
D₂ = 0.15m
(a)
(b)
V₂
Section 1
Pw=999 kg/m³
P = 0.00112 N-s/m²
P₁ = 1260 kg/m³
#₂ = 1.5 N-s/m²
Figure 4
Section 2
Pipe 1 (water)
Pipe 2 (glycerin)
1.1D₂
1.1D ₂
Consider only Section 1, where pipe diameter is respectively Di and D2, and
estimate the head loss per meter when the volume flow rate within each
pipe is Q=0.05 m³/s. Refer to the given values of density (p) and dynamic
viscosity (u) indicated in the figure as well as to the Moody chart in the next
page where appropriate.
As also shown in the figure above, the diameter of the pipe increases by 10%
across a sudden expansion for both cases. What is the head loss per meter
over Section 2?
In order to account for…
arrow_forward
can you help me with part a) please
arrow_forward
Subject: Mechanical Measurements
Do not copy other answers
arrow_forward
Determine the resistance in each scenario presented. Explain whether the resistance is linear or not,
and if not describe the relation, finally, explain how it can be linearized about a specific condition.
Be sure to state the units and demonstrate that they are correct using the appropriate pressure/flow
relation.
a) Laminar flow
An aqueous solution of 50% glycerol / 50% water is flowing through a pipe with the following system
parameters:
System_Parameters = (L = 100.0 D= 0.2 u= 0.022 p= 1150.0 9m=7.0 g = 9.81)
units : L ~ m; D~ m; µ ~ Pa · s; p~
kg: 4. ~ 8:
Confirm that this is laminar flow and then calculate the resistance.
b) Pump Resistance from Pump Curve
Consider the following pump curve:
[Feet) (Meters]
30어
Find the pump resistance if the pump is
supporting 15 meters of discharge head
pressure, at a flow rate of 300 L/minute.
80-
250
7어 100 PSI
L/min
Determine the pump resistance in
Pa
20어 6어85 PST
50 SCFM
5어 75 PST
Note that standard pump curves are
oriented opposite to the…
arrow_forward
The red questions please q4 and q5 and q7
arrow_forward
Note:
Please deliver a clear, step-by-step handwritten calculation (without any explanations!), ensuring it is created without any AI assistance. I expect a top-quality, expert-level handwritten solution, and I will evaluate and rate it based on its accuracy and precision. Double-check every detail for correctness before submission. Appreciate your time and effort!.
Question is down below:
In Figure 3, when y = 160 mm, the piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder C imparts a
vertical motion to the pin B consisting of y = 400 mm/s and ÿ = -100 mm/s'. For this instant determine the angular velocity w and the angular acceleration a of link OA.
Members OA and AB make equal angles with the horizontal at this instant.
arrow_forward
O Week 2- 20527 22110L
x a MasteringEngineering Mastering x
M Inbox (10,309) - usmikail@gmail x
a Product Detail Page
a Central Service Technical Manual x
O 21) YouTube
i session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?assignmentProblemiD=12443395&offset=next
KHW 1
Problem 12.3
6 of 16
I Review
A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity
v = (12 – 3t2) m/s, where t is in seconds. When
t = 1 s, the particle is located 10 m to the left of the
origin.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
As =
437
Submit
Previous Answers Request Answer
X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining
Part C
Determine the distance the particle travels during the time period given in previous part.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
?
ST =
Value
Units
arrow_forward
Kindly solve what is ask, I want a clean and clear solution please so that I can clearly understand. Thank you so much!-
arrow_forward
CS) Flow through a heat exchanger tube is to be studied by means of a 1/10 scale model. If the tmateaangeraarmall, carries widecreme de ratio of pressure losses between the model and the prototype if water is used in the model.
arrow_forward
Part 2
Set up a spreadsheet solution to this problem. This will require that you derive one
formula to express the relationship between the friction coefficient, the spring constant,
and the spring compression; and a second formula to find the cost of using different slide
and spring types. Set up your spreadsheet as shown below. You can fill in the
"Acceptable?" column manually, rather than using a formula. Turn in a copy of your
spreadsheet/Matlab work
(solve for $)
Friction Spring Constant Spring Compression
M
k
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
50
100
150
50
100
150
4
Part 3
Your boss has decided to look at a second option. The spring mechanism will be
replaced by a drop box. After leaving the slide, the blocks will travel 5 horizontal feet
through the air and pass through a hole into the drop box. Using the slide you selected
above, determine how far below the slide (h) to place the hole in the drop box.
Yo = 5.2017/5
BLADE
2
RAMPE SLIDE
8⁰
SLIDE
Acceptable?
(Yes or No)
$'
Cost
51
In
DROP…
arrow_forward
Question 7
A well is pumped from a confined aquifer at a constant rate of 1000 gallons per minute (gpm). The following data were collected during the pumping
test:
.
Distance from the well to the observation well (r) = 150 feet
Differential drawdown (Ah) in the observation well at this distance = 2.5 feet
Aquifer properties:
Transmissivity (T) = 25,000 gpd/ft
• Storativity (S)- 0.0005 (dimensionless)
Pumping time (t) = 5 hours
Watch your units !!
Using the above information, calculate the drawdown (h) in feet in the observation well at a distance of 150 feet after 5 hours of pumping. (Use the
powerpoint slides for approximations for the well function W(u).
arrow_forward
Fluid mechanics
arrow_forward
2. A water treatment plant has 6 settling tanks that operate in parallel
(the flow gets split into six equal flow streams), and each tank has a
volume of 600m3. If the flow to the plant is 10 mgd, what is the
retention time in each of the settling tanks? If, instead, the tanks
operated in series (the entire flow goes first through one tank, then
the second, and so on), what would be the retention time in each
tank?
arrow_forward
Please go for all in handwritten format.
[All these are easy one's ,So Solve all]
arrow_forward
Im needed the solve max 30-45 minutes and please send Im very needed. Thank u
Manufacture and design a U-pipe in an open state with a minimum of 7 different fluids with a datum.
NOTE
Examples of answers such as the available images and there are also problems from the 2 available images. The answer does not need to use numbers as in the example answer
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you

Elements Of Electromagnetics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780190698614
Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher:Oxford University Press

Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780134319650
Author:Russell C. Hibbeler
Publisher:PEARSON

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781259822674
Author:Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. Boles
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education

Control Systems Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118170519
Author:Norman S. Nise
Publisher:WILEY

Mechanics of Materials (MindTap Course List)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781337093347
Author:Barry J. Goodno, James M. Gere
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118807330
Author:James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. Bolton
Publisher:WILEY
Related Questions
- For my assigment, I was asked to design a electric motorbike that has a peformance equal to Honda CBR1000 Fireblade which has a petrol engine. A part of the the assignment is to calculate " An estimate of maximum Power your new motor will need to generate to match the Honda’s performance." I can make the assumption, apart from changing the motor, everything else is going to stay the same so the fairing,the rider and etc they're gonna be the same for the two bikes. So can you please tell me how I can calculate that which information would I need ?arrow_forwardcan you help me with part b) pleasearrow_forwardQuestion 4 A team of engineers tasked with the design of a pipe system is currently sizing some of the different subsections. The team has started by identifying two types of pipes, each of them involving different fluids (water and glycerin) as shown in Figure 4 below. Material roughness is e = 10μm for both. D₁ = 0.1m D₂ = 0.15m (a) (b) V₂ Section 1 Pw=999 kg/m³ P = 0.00112 N-s/m² P₁ = 1260 kg/m³ #₂ = 1.5 N-s/m² Figure 4 Section 2 Pipe 1 (water) Pipe 2 (glycerin) 1.1D₂ 1.1D ₂ Consider only Section 1, where pipe diameter is respectively Di and D2, and estimate the head loss per meter when the volume flow rate within each pipe is Q=0.05 m³/s. Refer to the given values of density (p) and dynamic viscosity (u) indicated in the figure as well as to the Moody chart in the next page where appropriate. As also shown in the figure above, the diameter of the pipe increases by 10% across a sudden expansion for both cases. What is the head loss per meter over Section 2? In order to account for…arrow_forward
- can you help me with part a) pleasearrow_forwardSubject: Mechanical Measurements Do not copy other answersarrow_forwardDetermine the resistance in each scenario presented. Explain whether the resistance is linear or not, and if not describe the relation, finally, explain how it can be linearized about a specific condition. Be sure to state the units and demonstrate that they are correct using the appropriate pressure/flow relation. a) Laminar flow An aqueous solution of 50% glycerol / 50% water is flowing through a pipe with the following system parameters: System_Parameters = (L = 100.0 D= 0.2 u= 0.022 p= 1150.0 9m=7.0 g = 9.81) units : L ~ m; D~ m; µ ~ Pa · s; p~ kg: 4. ~ 8: Confirm that this is laminar flow and then calculate the resistance. b) Pump Resistance from Pump Curve Consider the following pump curve: [Feet) (Meters] 30어 Find the pump resistance if the pump is supporting 15 meters of discharge head pressure, at a flow rate of 300 L/minute. 80- 250 7어 100 PSI L/min Determine the pump resistance in Pa 20어 6어85 PST 50 SCFM 5어 75 PST Note that standard pump curves are oriented opposite to the…arrow_forward
- The red questions please q4 and q5 and q7arrow_forwardNote: Please deliver a clear, step-by-step handwritten calculation (without any explanations!), ensuring it is created without any AI assistance. I expect a top-quality, expert-level handwritten solution, and I will evaluate and rate it based on its accuracy and precision. Double-check every detail for correctness before submission. Appreciate your time and effort!. Question is down below: In Figure 3, when y = 160 mm, the piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder C imparts a vertical motion to the pin B consisting of y = 400 mm/s and ÿ = -100 mm/s'. For this instant determine the angular velocity w and the angular acceleration a of link OA. Members OA and AB make equal angles with the horizontal at this instant.arrow_forwardO Week 2- 20527 22110L x a MasteringEngineering Mastering x M Inbox (10,309) - usmikail@gmail x a Product Detail Page a Central Service Technical Manual x O 21) YouTube i session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?assignmentProblemiD=12443395&offset=next KHW 1 Problem 12.3 6 of 16 I Review A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity v = (12 – 3t2) m/s, where t is in seconds. When t = 1 s, the particle is located 10 m to the left of the origin. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. As = 437 Submit Previous Answers Request Answer X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining Part C Determine the distance the particle travels during the time period given in previous part. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. ? ST = Value Unitsarrow_forward
- Kindly solve what is ask, I want a clean and clear solution please so that I can clearly understand. Thank you so much!-arrow_forwardCS) Flow through a heat exchanger tube is to be studied by means of a 1/10 scale model. If the tmateaangeraarmall, carries widecreme de ratio of pressure losses between the model and the prototype if water is used in the model.arrow_forwardPart 2 Set up a spreadsheet solution to this problem. This will require that you derive one formula to express the relationship between the friction coefficient, the spring constant, and the spring compression; and a second formula to find the cost of using different slide and spring types. Set up your spreadsheet as shown below. You can fill in the "Acceptable?" column manually, rather than using a formula. Turn in a copy of your spreadsheet/Matlab work (solve for $) Friction Spring Constant Spring Compression M k 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 50 100 150 50 100 150 4 Part 3 Your boss has decided to look at a second option. The spring mechanism will be replaced by a drop box. After leaving the slide, the blocks will travel 5 horizontal feet through the air and pass through a hole into the drop box. Using the slide you selected above, determine how far below the slide (h) to place the hole in the drop box. Yo = 5.2017/5 BLADE 2 RAMPE SLIDE 8⁰ SLIDE Acceptable? (Yes or No) $' Cost 51 In DROP…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Elements Of ElectromagneticsMechanical EngineeringISBN:9780190698614Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.Publisher:Oxford University PressMechanics of Materials (10th Edition)Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9780134319650Author:Russell C. HibbelerPublisher:PEARSONThermodynamics: An Engineering ApproachMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781259822674Author:Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. BolesPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
- Control Systems EngineeringMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781118170519Author:Norman S. NisePublisher:WILEYMechanics of Materials (MindTap Course List)Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781337093347Author:Barry J. Goodno, James M. GerePublisher:Cengage LearningEngineering Mechanics: StaticsMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781118807330Author:James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. BoltonPublisher:WILEY

Elements Of Electromagnetics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780190698614
Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher:Oxford University Press

Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780134319650
Author:Russell C. Hibbeler
Publisher:PEARSON

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781259822674
Author:Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. Boles
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education

Control Systems Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118170519
Author:Norman S. Nise
Publisher:WILEY

Mechanics of Materials (MindTap Course List)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781337093347
Author:Barry J. Goodno, James M. Gere
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118807330
Author:James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. Bolton
Publisher:WILEY