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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
OL Lab 5: Fluid balance, acid base balance and water balance
Learning Objectives:
Identify the functions and the location of the major fluid compartments of the body
Explain the regulation of water balance in order to maintain homeostasis
Identify the proportions of electrolytes found in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid compartments of the body and state their functions.
Describe the major electrolytes in the body, and state their role in electrolyte balance.
Identify the different pH ranges in the body and understand the compensatory mechanism involved to maintain acid-base balance.
Part 1:
1.1 Complete the chart to locate major fluid compartments of the body and state their functions.
(3 points)
Compartments
Function
A
Solids
Helps body digest food B
Intracellular fluid Transports nutrients, gases, and waste
C
Interstitial fluid Transports cells (most importantly
white blood cells) and lipids.
D
Extracellular fluid Exchange of substance E
Blood plasma Take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to areas of the body lacking nutrition.
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.2
Identify the physiological stimulus and responses that regulate water balance in the body.
(5 points)
- A: Dehydration - B: Blood volume and pressure - C: Blood osmolarity - D: Saliva production - E: Control center - F: Water intake
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.3
Identify the fluid compartments and the major electrolytes in the body to complete the chart.
(5 points)
- A: Na+
- B: HCO3
- C: Interstitial fluid - D: Na+
- E: HCO3
- F: Na+
- G: HCO3
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.4 Use the chart provided to complete the table below: (4 points)
pH range Biological significance of the pH
A
Stomach
1.2
Acidic B
Vaginal fluid
3.5
Acidic
C
Uterus
6.3
Acidic
D
Saliva
6.6
Acidic
E
Blood
7.4
Neutral
F
Semen 7.6
Neutral
G
Pancreatic
Juice
7.8
Neutral
H
Bile 8.0 Neutral
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
1.5 Identify the changes in the pH and the H
+
, HCO3
- and CO
2 concentrations to complete the table below: (5 points)
(
*
) Indicate as increases or decreases
H
+
*
HCO
3
- *
CO
2 *
A
Increase Increase
Increase
B
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
C
Increase
Increase
Increase
BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
a. In respiratory acidosis, what is the stimulus to initiate the respiratory compensation?
In respiratory acidosis the body compensates by increasing respiratory rate. This helps to remove excess carbon dioxide and restore the acid-base balance. b. What are the effectors involved in the compensation during respiratory acidosis?
During respiratory acidosis, the effectors involved in compensation are the respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. They increase the respiratory rate to help eliminate excess carbon dioxide and restore the acid-base. Part 2: Read the case study and answer the questions in your own words and complete sentences: (8 points)
Sam, a 70-year-old man with chronic renal failure, was in for a routine visit at the hospital. Progressive destruction of nephrons leads to chronic renal failure. Sam’s blood work indicated low blood pH taken and potassium levels were outside of the normal range. Sam’s estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 15 mL/min with a high respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute.
1. What is the normal range for blood potassium concentration? The normal range for blood potassium concentration is typically between 3.5 to 5.0 milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L)
2. From which part of the nephron is the majority of excess potassium normally excreted?
The majority of excess potassium is excreted in the distal tubules of the nephron. 3. Based on your observations, will Sam’s potassium levels be high, normal, or low?
Sam’s potassium levels will be high. 4. What are the pH buffers found in the urine?
In urine, the pH buffers are mainly composed of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and phosphate (HPO42-).
They help maintain the urine pH within a normal range.
5. How are H
+ ions transported into the tubular fluid of the kidney?
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BIOS256 OL, Week 5 Lab
Name:
H+ ions are transported into the tubular fluid of the kidney through a process called secretion. Specialized cells in the renal tubules actively transport H+ ions from the blood into the tubular fluid. This helps regulate the acid-base balance in the body. 6. In what form are H
+
ions excreted in the urine?
H+ ions are excreted in the urine as hydrogen ions. They are involved in maintaining the urine’s acid-base balance. 7. Why could be the reason for Sam’s low pH?
The low pH reported in Sam can be related to metabolic acidosis, a condition frequently encountered in people with renal failure. 8. Why would Sam have an increase in respiratory rate? How does the increase in respiratory rate help?
An increase in respiratory rate can occur as a compensatory mechanism for an acid-base imbalance. When there's too much acid in the body, like in cases of metabolic acidosis, the respiratory rate increases to blow off excess carbon dioxide and decrease the acidity. It helps restore the acid-base balance.
Grading Rubric:
Activity
Deliverable
Points
Part 1
Complete 1.1 to 1.5
22
Part 2
Case Study- Answer all the questions
8
Total
Complete all lab activities
30
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> View Available Hint(s)
VO AEoI vec
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