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Fluid Mechanics – Wind Tunnels Assessment Task 4: Individual Report and Reflection Name: Author name removed Student ID: 13 xxxxx Reflection – Part 2 on Page 13

2 Executive Summary ◼ The following report will demonstrate the development and the evolution within the aero industry and the effects these advancements made on the automobilia industry, in an effective manner consisting of: → An overview of wind tunnels → The real-world applications → The new methods, development and materials improvement and manufacturing processes. Figure 1: 1931 marks the first use of a wind tunnel applied to an aircraft. https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/thisdayintech/2010/05/F2A_in_Langley_wind_tunnel_193 8-660x526.jpg

3 Table of Contents Title Page ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 4 Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 2. Aim ........................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Theoretical Background ........................................................................................................ 6 4. Real World Applications ....................................................................................................... 7 4.1 F1 Technology .................................................................................................................................. 7 4.2 Skyscrapers ...................................................................................................................................... 9 5. Recent Research and Development .................................................................................. 11 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 11 References ................................................................................................................................... 12 Reflection ..................................................................................................................................... 13

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4 List of Figures Figure 1: 1931 marks the first use of a wind tunnel applied to an aircraft. Figure 2: Photograph of the Wright Brothers wind tunnel constructed in Fall of 1901. Figure 3: Illustration of the Closed Loop Wind Tunnel layout. Figure 4: Visual representation of the steps involved in the completion of the Particle Image Velocimetry test. Figure 5: Diagram representing the Laser Doppler Anemometer layout. Figure 6: Image of Burj Khalifa. Figure 7: Visuals of the differences in rotations and shape sizes as the building is increasing in altitude. Figure 8: Image inside the Burj Khalifa model in the wind tunnel and the flex allowable at top. Figure 9: Picture is the test bed advanced by NASA to study advanced designs for rotor blades. Glossary of Terms Efficient – Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Laminar Flow – Flow of liquid/gas that travels in regular patterns or smoothly Turbulent Flow – Flow of liquid/ gas that travels in irregular patterns with mixing and oscillations. Aeroelasticity – How a fluid (liquid/gas) is affected when in contact with an elastic body.

5 1. Introduction A wind tunnel is a testing facility that is used to this is done using sensors and receptors at the end of specially designed ducts that channel the wind (air) towards the subject being tested. The wind tunnel is applied by both engineers and scientists to assist in the studies of the flow of air around a specifically shaped object. The wind tunnel progress is uploaded to software’s, supplying data to the user. The user now can visualize the effects and rectify shapes to suit the objectives. 2. Aim To explain how the system works, the background, benefits, development of design, how it is applied in two real world applications, and the skills a professional engineer would need for the success of the project.

6 3. Theoretical Background Wind tunnels are controlled streams of air created by fans in a tunnel to further studies in creating more efficient and effective products that are required to flow through air. These ‘products’ include planes, cars, and structures such as bridges and buildings. Originally the Wright Brothers constructed a wind tunnel to pursue their feat in "series of experiments to accurately determine the amount and direction of the pressure produced on curved surfaces when acted upon by winds at the various angles from zero to ninety degrees." (Wright Brothers – 1901). This tunnel was essentially a 6-foot-long wooden box with a fan centered flowing wind across a grid that straightens the path of the air across the length of the box, which is seen through a glass roofing. The model was placed at the opposite side to the fan with balancers on either side. These balances acted together to measure the lift and lift to drag ratio now the Wright Brothers could then visualize how the wind affected their plane. Currently, Wind turbines follow the same concept the Wright Brothers proposed but with further advancements using updated technology. Figure 2: Photograph of the Wright Brothers wind tunnel constructed in Fall of 1901. https://media.defense.gov/2016/Jan/06/2001332715/-1/-1/0/160106-F-IO108-003.JPG

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7 4. Real World Applications 4.1 F1 Technology Formula 1 is an open wheel racing sport using the most enhanced engineers worldwide and thus, creating the peak racing car. Conversely to the popular use of wind tunnels in the aeronautical industry to enhance lift while reducing drag, Formula 1 use, requires the studies of creating more downforce and drag throughout corners and less drag throughout straights. Furthermore, Formula 1 cars are subject to intense wind tunnel experiments as lap times are immensely affected by aero defects and inadequacies. The racing car need the perfect balance between drag and downforce to have a competitive chance. The layout of a wind tunnel for Formula 1 cars needs adjustments when compared to an aeronautical wind tunnel. The wind tunnel has a major change with the floor. A conveyor belt is placed under the F1 model to allow for a more accurate reading, accounting for moving parts such as tires. The Tunnel is setup using a closed loop wind tunnel layout. This layout consists of the fan section, diffuser, settling chamber, angled channels on corners and a testing area. This is insinuated in Figure 3 below. Figure 3: Illustration of the Closed Loop Wind Tunnel layout. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNwkANPl3ck The fan speed required in the drive section is dependent on the size of the fan, the bigger the fan the less noise and speed required to reach targeted speeds within the tunnel. The diffuser allows the air of velocity to move easily towards the settling chamber where there are a set of ‘filters’ that are required to channel the air into organized paths, known as laminar flow. Once this laminar flow is achieved an indicator is introduced to visualize the movement of the air at velocity passing the test subject. These indicators can be a light smoke and powders (Particle Image Velocimetry),

8 an anemometer or using a laser Doppler Anemometry. There are more indicators including surface pressure taps, applying a dye etc. Light smoke and powders can be applied as an indicator as it highlights the general flow of the air at velocity passing the vehicle, using Particle Image Velocimetry. This method is uses images taken in quick succession of one another to track the flow of particles crossing the test subject. These images are then overlapped using software by engineers that rectify the image to be interpreted and visualized. Although, it must be mentioned that these indicators are more intrusive to the precious and constant laminar flow, thus, test conducted using light smoke or powders cannot be absolute and are often regarded inadmissible. Figure 4: Visual representation of the steps involved in the completion of the Particle Image Velocimetry test. https://arc.aiaa.org/cms/10.2514/1.J055571/asset/images/medium/figure3.gif Having noted that laminar flow needs to be maintained to preserve test results the Laser Doppler Anemometry is a non-intrusive and relatively highly advanced option when testing wind flows over a racing car. Laser Doppler Anemometry involves using laser beams that cross itself and record the return path compared to the initially sent beam. In reference to Figure 5, Simply put, the laser is split using specially angled prisms that are then shot across the particles and intersects with itself hitting a detector on the opposite side projecting an interference pattern as the particles cross the laser beam. Essentially tracking the particles as they pass the body of the test subject. Figure 5: Diagram representing the Laser Doppler Anemometer layout. https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laser-Doppler-anemometer.jpg

9 4.2 Skyscrapers When a construction company is acquired with a task to complete a residential or commercial building involving many levels, safety concerns arise. The main problems involved with configuring skyscrapers are loads placed on the floors below and the wind loads on the structure. The Burj Khalifa is a prime example of the engineering feats accomplished to construct the tallest residential building in the world. Many complications were apparent during the design of the building although, wind was the major factor affecting its commencement. Figure 6: Image of Burj Khalifa. https://www.izkiz.net/wpcontent/uploads/2017/01/DSC_7356.jpg The Burj Khalifa was tasked to create the most efficient design for views, thus the Y-design floors were implemented. Although, when the Y-shaped building was designed as a solid Y being configured by the entirety many problems arose. The engineers at hand put the subject in a wind tunnel where it became obvious that the suggestion for a solid Y-design will not be possible. Thus, after time and effort had been placed into reconfiguring the design the engineers came up with a solution to overcome the drag experienced. Placing each new Y-design level on a slight rotation from the floors below and being smalle r and rotating the entirety of the building 120˚. Highlighted by Figure 7 below.

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10 Figure 7: Visuals of the differences in rotations and shape sizes as the building is increasing in altitude. https://www.archinomy.com/wp-content/uploads/burj-khalifa 95.jpg?ezimgfmt=rs:294x356/rscb2/ng:webp/ngcb2 The Burj Khalifa was placed in a wind tunnel similar to the one mentioned in 4.1 above although it had some discrepancies. The wind tunnels platform is a base plate instead of a runway treadmill seen in the F1 wind tunnel. The platform has little structures in front of the tall building that measure the wind passing and the irregularities experienced as the building is placed amongst other buildings. The Burj Khalifa wind tunnel also had many sensors under the base plate, measuring torsion, moments and the shear forces that are experienced from the wind loads on the building. The building is aeroelastic and is designed this way intentionally. The building can flex 125cm at the top of the structure. This flex will allow air at velocity to travel easier around the structure and provides a give. These extremes are detailed in the figure below. Figure 8: Image inside the Burj Khalifa model in the wind tunnel and the flex allowable at top. https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/burj-khalifa-dubai-burj-dubai-or-tower-of-kahlifa/

11 5. Recent Research and Development NASA are the most advancing wind tunneling experts on the planet and have been since the 1970’s. Recently they have reached a total of 42 wind tunnels of considerably large sizes. In addition, NASA has equipped themselves with the largest wind tunnel created to date The National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex, with six fans being 12.2 meters wide each powered by an all-electric motor producing 22.5 thousand horsepower. With these extreme dimensions and values the tunnel is capable of reaching speeds just over Mach 2.5, well equipped to study and aeronautical feat required. Also, it can detail these tests with full scale subjects. Figure 9: Picture is the test bed advanced by NASA to study advanced designs for rotor blades. https://www.nasa.gov/ames/wind-tunnels The use of war-ridden equipment such as missiles has also helped progress the advancements of wind tunnels, especially in China. The FL-64 is what the Chinese have named this wind tunnel which is capable and is already in calibrations of hypersonic speeds. This tunnel will now be used to further their understandings of hypersonic weapons and equipment. The tunnel is managed under the state-owned Aviation Industry Corp of China (AVIC). 6. Conclusion In summary, the wind tunnel has had its involvements with the pinnacle of engineers in the technological advancements that are being experienced in time. The movement from the Wright Brothers timber wind tunnel model to the extreme NASA’s, 6, 12.2 -meter fans producing 22.5 thousand horsepower and creating winds of up to Mach 2.5 in a controlled large testing facility is exceptional. The Designing improvements of racing cars to Skyscrapers have also been revolutionized. Thus, it can be said that as time progresses engineers will prevail in the completion of impossibilities and automobilia and structural feats.

12 References China's new wind tunnel ready to shape development of hypersonic weapons, equipment - Global Times. Globaltimes.cn. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1239529.shtml . How Does An F1 Wind Tunnel Work?. Chronicle. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://f1chronicle.com/how-does-an-f1-wind-tunnel-work-f1- technology/#:~:text=The%20F1%20wind%20tunnel%20is,go%20faster%20on%20the%20straig ht . How F1 Wind Tunnels Work. Youtube.com. (2020). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNwkANPl3ck . Skyscrapers. (2022). <h4> Did you know...? of the week: The Shake in Tall Buildings and Skyscrapers</h4>. Jmhdezhdez.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.jmhdezhdez.com/2013/07/the-shake-skyscrapers-wind-tunnel.html?m=1 . Wind tunnel | aeronautical engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/wind-tunnel . Wind Tunnel Research. NASA. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.nasa.gov/ames/aeronautics/wind-tunnel-research . Wind Tunnel. The Franklin Institute. (2016). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.fi.edu/history-resources/wind- tunnel#:~:text=In%20the%20Fall%20of%201901,they%20built%20a%20wind%20tunnel .

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13 Reflection Initially, I expected Fluid mechanics to be a very secluded and independent subject. However, I quickly learned how encouraging my colleagues were in tutorials and how engaging my tutorial teacher (Charith) was. I began socialising more with my classmates and also initiated questions to ask Charith. After I had built my confidence in class, Task 1 was a much less stressful assessment than I had prepared for. After the quiz was completed, I studied what I had gotten wrong and worked with my lecturer to figure them out. The question I had gotten wrong was question 2, where I was assigned to determine the maximum pressure difference within a moving truck. I had not taken into account that deceleration occurs gradually. Thus I rectified my calculations. For task 2, we were assigned to create groups and study the Bernoullis theorem and the Head Loss in Pipes. The coming tutorials were engaging as we worked together to complete the scientific laboratories in the basement rooms of building 2. I now understand the differences that pressure has on the flow of a liquid, especially when placed in a concave tunnel where fluids are sped up. I am appreciative of the way I quickly managed and adjusted myself to better my studies within Fluid Mechanics, as I have also learnt how pivotal this subject is to my future engagements with my Engineering Degree. Charith was very patient with answering and listening to students, especially with myself, as I struggled to manage my studies with work. Looking back, I have impressed myself and can say that my group members' encouragement and social acceptance, as well as my tutor Charith's wise teaching skills, have both contributed to my success in this subject immensely. Because of this, I am thankful that I was able to accommodate for my decreased confidence. Sherub and Charith were incredibly helpful with helping myself and my team with Task 2 especially as we required an extension for the missing two people, we had for 2 days. Charith helped my team and I understand the objective of the assignment and Sherub allowed the extension allowing us to complete the assessment up to our standards which proved to be good. Therefore, the involvements of well communicated tutors and coordinators have been essential to the success I had within the subject. This current Assessment (Task 4) has been my most enjoyable task of the Fluid Mechanic subject as it involved the opportunity of delving into my heart loved sport, Formula 1. Formula 1 is highly engaging with engineers all around the world. The involvements of future students should not put themselves in a stressed mindset before entering the subject, allowing them to accumulate friends much more efficiently as more confidence will be installed.