Epidemiological studies are all lutant concentrations. In all such studies there is the hazard that some important variable has been overlooked, and that it is the true cause of the observed health effects. Careful investigators work very hard to avoid this error. It is widely reported that the monthly rate of death by drowning is well correlated with the monthly consumption of watermelons. Would it be safe to conclude that one of these caused the other? Or is there another variable relations of observed health effects with measured air to consider?

Elements Of Electromagnetics
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ISBN:9780190698614
Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
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Subject: Air Pollution Formation and Control

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Epidemiological studies are all correlations of observed health effects with measured air
lutant concentrations. In all such studies there is the hazard that some important variable
has been overlooked, and that it is the true cause of the observed health effects. Careful
investigators work very hard to avoid this error. It is widely reported that the monthly rate
of death by drowning is well correlated with the monthly consumption of watermelons.
Would it be safe to conclude that one of these caused the other? Or is there another variable
to consider?
Transcribed Image Text:Epidemiological studies are all correlations of observed health effects with measured air lutant concentrations. In all such studies there is the hazard that some important variable has been overlooked, and that it is the true cause of the observed health effects. Careful investigators work very hard to avoid this error. It is widely reported that the monthly rate of death by drowning is well correlated with the monthly consumption of watermelons. Would it be safe to conclude that one of these caused the other? Or is there another variable to consider?
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