Articulations Homework

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School

Santa Fe College *

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Course

2085

Subject

Mechanical Engineering

Date

Feb 20, 2024

Type

docx

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Uploaded by CorporalGalaxySpider35

Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to develop your knowledge of Anatomical Terminology & Organization by reinforcing the concepts discussed in the course. ● Skills o Analysis and synthesis of course material (i.e. lectures, notes, textbook, lab manual, etc.) o Application of knowledge to real world problems/scenarios ● Knowledge o Understanding of Articulation o Levers Task: Please complete the following questions fully and completely . If you have questions concerning anything in this assignment, please contact me well before the due date. All answers (or lack thereof) will be graded as is, following the due date. Please limit your answers to the information found in the notes or the textbook. While I highly encourage you to engage in reading outside of the course requirements, you can easily find information which is outside of the scope of this class and misses the mark on what I want you to learn from, both, the class and the assignment. Do NOT copy and paste answers from the lecture notes (or any other source). The assignment is to be completed in your own words . Answers quoted directly from any source will be marked incorrect. NOTE: Just because material is not covered in the homework does NOT mean it will not come up on an exam. I attempt to include the most high yield material for this assessment, but remember, anything found in the lecture notes is testable. Criteria For Success: ● Answer ALL parts of the question ● Support your answers o Don’t just state what the answer is, explain why it is the correct answer Fundamental Concepts (Worth 1.4 point each) 1. What is a Synostosis ? List and describe the types, if any. Be sure to include an example of each type. Synostosis is a bony joint and the immovable joint occurs when the space between adjacent bones ossifies. An example is when babies are born with a right and left lower jaw, and these bones later fuse into one bone. 2. What is a Synarthrosis ? List and describe the types, if any. Be sure to include an example of each type. Synarthrosis are fibrous joints which consist of 3 types. Sutures are fixed or slightly movable joints that firmly connect skull bones together and are found only between the cranial bones of the skull.

Gomphoses are teeth that are not bones. The tooth attached to its socket within the jaw or jawbone is classified as a joint. Teeth are held in place in bony sockets by the periodontal ligament and allows the teeth to move slightly under the stress of chewing. Syndesmoses are bones connected by long collagen fibers. An example is binding of the tibia and fibula. 3. What is an Amphiarthrosis ? List and describe the types, if any. Be sure to include an example of each type. Amphiarthrosis are cartilaginous joints that are linked by synchondrosis and symphyses. Synchondrosis is a joint with bones that connects to hyaline cartilage and a joint between the ribs and sternum. An example is that it's a temporary joint found between the diaphysis and epiphysis that are in children. Symphyses is fibrocartilage that joins the bones together. An example is pubic symphysis which connects the left and right hip bones from the joint and intervertebral disc which is the spinal vertebrae between joints. 4. What is a Diarthrosis ? Describe its structural anatomy. Diarthrosis is also synovial joints that have good or limited mobility and is a complicated type of joint. As bones past one another, surfaces that articulate with one another through articular cartilage serve to shield the bones. Joint capsule surrounds the joint cavity, which is a small area filled with synovial fluid that divides cartlidge from neighboring bone. 5. Describe the following structures associated with the Synovial Joints. a) Articular disc: is a fibrocartilage layer that divides synovial cavities and is found in various joints. Different movements can take place in each hollow space thanks to this isolation. b) Meniscus: a portion of the cartilage that stabilizes the joint, absorbs shock, and additionally divides the synovial chambers. c) Bursa: is a fluid filled sac filled with synovial fluid. It is located where a tendon crosses a bone or lies between a bone and the skin and it eases friction and permits unrestricted mobility. d) Tendon Sheath: many tendons have lengthy, cylindrical bursae wrapped around them that enable the tendon to move in constricted areas. 6. What is a lever? Describe the following types of lever. Be sure to include an anatomical example of each type of lever. a) 1 st Class Lever: fulcrum is found like a seesaw in the center of the lever. An example is the atlantooccipital joint of the neck. Head elevation is maintained by the occipital bones, posterior neck, and muscles. When you’re sleeping, your muscles relax and fall forward, much like when you fall asleep while sitting up. Fulcrum- atlantooccipital joint, effort- occipital bone, resistance- gravity on the weight of the skull. b) 2 nd Class Lever: the effort arm and fulcrum are on either side, resembling a wheelbarrow with resistance in the center. An example is l bouncing a child on your knee while sitting down. Fulcrum- hip joint, effort-tibia, resistance- weight of the child. c) 3 rd Class Lever: similar to paddling a canoe, the effort is concentrated in the middle of the lever, where there is resistance on both sides. The majority of musculoskeletal levers for instance are

third class. The forearm functions as a third class lever during flexion. Fulcrum- elbow joint, effort- applied to radius, resistance- provided by weight of forearm. 7. List and describe the types of Synovial Joints. Be sure to include how many axes of rotation each type has. Ball and socket joints have multiaxial joints and only multiaxial joints in the body and have 3 axes of rotation. An example would be the hip and shoulder joints. Condylar joints are when one bone has a convex surface that articulates with a corresponding depression in the connecting bone. This type of joint is a biaxial joint with 2 axes of rotation. Saddle joints are articulating surfaces of a bone that have a saddle shape. They also have biaxial joints with 2 axes of rotation. The trapeziometacarpal joint moves in a frontal plane when spreading fingers or a sagittal plane when grasping. The sternoclavicular joint moves in the frontal plane when lifting an object, like a briefcase, or transverse plane when pushing an object like opening up a door. Plane joints are articulating surfaces of a bone that is flat and adjacent bones slide over one another. They have biaxial joints with 2 axes of rotation like a cervical vertebrae. Hinge joints are monoaxial joints like the knee and elbow with only 1 axis of rotation. Pivot joints are monoaxial joints with only 1 axis of rotation where the bone spins on its longitudinal axis. The atlantoaxial joint rotates left and right of the head and atlas pivots around the dens of the skull. The radioulnar joint has pronation and supination of the forearm and against the radial notch of the ulna the radius pivots. The mixed joint performs the actions of multiple types of synovial joints like the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

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