Midterm Outline

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School

San Jose State University *

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295

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Mechanical Engineering

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by acekiller007

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Tire Abstract: The research paper delves into the innovative Piezoelectric Tire, aiming to provide a viable product within the automotive industry. [a] The need to advance sustainable energy solutions is the driving force behind this study, aligning seamlessly with the organization's commitment to environmental stewardship. [b] In response to the demand for sustainable energy solutions and the growing automotive market, the objective is to deliver a product that enables consumers to address challenges related to energy efficiency and environmental impact at the forefront of automotive technology. [c] The approach encompasses a holistic exploration, spanning design, implementation, and methodical evaluation of the Piezoelectric Tire technology. [d] Through laboratory research and real-world simulations, our findings underscore the tire's extraordinary efficacy in converting mechanical energy from road vibrations into electrical power. [e] The Piezoelectric Tire represents a transformative opportunity for our organization to embrace clean energy, exemplifying our unwavering dedication to sustainability, potential cost reduction, and steadfast adherence to eco-conscious practices, a strategic shift poised to elevate our operational efficiency and environmental responsibility. [f] — Piezoelectricity, Mechanical Energy, Sustainable Energy, Environmental Responsibility Executive Summary: The Piezoelectric Tire project shows a remarkable opportunity in the ever-evolving global tire market. It signifies a paradigm shift in traditional tire technology by harnessing the conversion of mechanical stress into electrical energy, promising a revolution in the industry. Beyond its innovative core, this project aligns with the imperative of sustainability in

transportation, responding to the pressing environmental concerns of our time. This project presents a significant financial opportunity within the rapidly evolving global tire market. Notably, it positions itself strategically to cater to the evolving needs of the automotive sector, which is witnessing a rapid transition towards electric and hybrid vehicles. This shift not only opens doors to energy-efficient solutions but also signifies a trajectory of unprecedented growth and innovation. Furthermore, incorporating smart tire technology is a pivotal element in this innovation. It promises to create substantial revenue streams and is projected to see exceptional growth, potentially exceeding 75% by the year 2030. This trajectory enhances driving safety and solidifies the Piezoelectric Tire project as a transformative and financially promising player in the dynamic automotive landscape. Its unique ability to meet the surging demand for energy- efficient and intelligent tire solutions positions it as an invaluable asset, contributing significantly to the evolving financial dynamics of the industry. In essence, the Piezoelectric Tire project symbolizes a confluence of sustainability, innovation, and economic potential, making it a cornerstone in the future of the automotive world, poised to shape the road ahead. Product Description: [K] The energy-harvesting Piezoelectric Tire's proposed product presents a groundbreaking innovation to revolutionize sustainable energy utilization within the automotive industry. Traditional tires, primarily designed for mechanical stress absorption, have long been associated with energy inefficiency. This product directly addresses the challenge of effectively harnessing the mechanical stress inherent in tire motion, aiming to convert it into electrical energy, thus bridging the gap between transportation and sustainability. With the surging demand for electric and hybrid vehicles, the world is ushering in a new era of green energy and

sustainable transport. The proposed Piezoelectric Tire promises to show in a time of self- sustaining mobility, offering a greener approach to reducing carbon emissions and making significant contributions to the evolution of the automotive industry. [L] The market predominantly features pneumatic tires that enhance vehicle control and performance [1] . Research from the U.S. Energy Department reveals that conventional, non- electric vehicles consume between 12% and 30% of gasoline energy for motion, with the remainder lost to engine inefficiencies [2]. The Piezoelectric Tire is a technological advancement, preserving safety while enhancing vehicle battery life and efficiency. This innovation holds the potential to benefit electric and gasoline-powered vehicles alike, encompassing the entire automotive tire market. The product capitalizes on the piezoelectric effect, where certain materials generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress or kinetic energy [3]. Recent studies have shown that a single rotation of a Piezoelectric Tire equipped with Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) as the piezoelectric material generates approximately 10.11µW s, translating to 40.44 µW s for a complete rotation of all tires on the vehicle [4]. By employing this technology, the product innovatively converts kinetic energy from tire mechanical stress into electrical energy, which users can redirect for various applications within electric vehicles. In a landscape dominated by alternative energy harvesting techniques such as solar, wind, and hydro, the Piezoelectric Tire emerges as a competitive and distinctive solution, providing a strategic advantage in the tire market. The vision for the Piezoelectric Tire extends beyond mere product innovation; it aspires to become a global leader in the automotive industry with a solid commitment to sustainability and green energy integration. Sustainability is at the forefront, with recycled rubber for tire construction and a focus on incorporating green energy elements into the energy harvester. While

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Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) remains the primary material for piezoelectric harvesting due to its high piezoelectric properties, the product aims to tackle engineering ethics concerns related to sustainability, environmental impact, and human health. Traditional piezo materials can introduce toxicity and non-biodegradability, posing ethical dilemmas. In response, the Piezoelectric Tire emphasizes biomaterials, known for their environmental friendliness, scalability, and flexibility, positioning itself as a responsible and innovative solution [5]. In an era marked by the rapid proliferation of electric and hybrid vehicles, the Piezoelectric Tire addresses the need for increased charging infrastructure. This product offers users cost savings, reduced charging time, and decreased maintenance expenses. Moreover, it reduces dependence on external energy sources while extending vehicle range and performance. [m] The Piezoelectric Tire represents a profound leap towards self-sustaining mobility, ushering in a more eco-friendly approach to transportation and leaving a smaller carbon footprint on our planet. Market Research & Analysis: The global tire market currently experiences remarkable growth, driven by increased automobile sales, tire replacements, and the rising adoption of electric vehicles. This growth is valued at USD 245.53 billion in 2022, with projections indicating it will reach USD 374.51 billion by 2028 [6]. These developments extend to incorporating modern technology that include intelligent tire features for tire-pressure monitoring systems and real-time road feedback, which enhance safety and fuel efficiency. Asia-Pacific, commanding 48% of the global market, is expected to be a critical driver of this expansion, notably China, India, and Japan, with an anticipated CAGR reaching 5.3% [7]. Nevertheless, the industry grapples with challenges tied to

fluctuating raw material prices, particularly synthetic and natural rubber, impacting production costs. However, tire manufacturers actively invest in advanced technologies and product enhancements to maintain competitiveness in this evolving landscape. Concurrently, the global piezoelectric materials market, valued at $1.4 billion in 2021, is poised for significant growth, projected to reach $2.5 billion by 2031 at a CAGR of 6.2% [8]. Technological advancements and increasing integration across industries, especially in healthcare, drive this growth. Piezoelectric materials, known for their versatility in converting mechanical effects into electrical signals, find applications ranging from consumer goods to medical devices. Asia-Pacific, led by countries like China and India, is poised to witness the highest CAGR, further strengthening the global piezoelectric materials market. This dynamic market offers diverse applications across industries, with significant growth potential fueled by ongoing technological advancements and government investments [8]. The tire industry is currently witnessing not only substantial growth in sales but also a profound technological revolution. Bridgestone, a prominent player, introduces smart tires equipped with inner-wall sensors that directly communicate vital information to vehicles, enhancing driving safety without significant price increases for consumers. This innovation is poised to start a trend in the tire industry, projecting a growth of over 75% in the smart tire niche by 2030 and creating substantial opportunities for tire manufacturers. Furthermore, the market for intelligent tires and sensors is poised to make significant strides, with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) expected to claim nearly 40% of the global automotive intelligent tire and sensor market by 2024. Expecting market growth from $47 billion in 2018 to a remarkable $77.5 billion by 2024 highlights a robust growth trajectory [9]. As tire manufacturers envision a future where tires become intelligent components, embedding sensors, and connectivity, this

transformation is expected to enhance vehicle safety, contribute to data-driven insights, and become an integral part of the automotive industry [10]. Product Finance and Economics: The financing and economics of the Piezoelectric Tire project are rooted in its innovative design and the thriving automotive industry, with the global tire market exponentially increasing. Although there's an initial investment requirement for research, development, and production, the project promises substantial returns, particularly within the smart tire niche, which shows growth over 75% by 2030. This aligns with the surging demand for energy-efficient solutions, potentially reducing consumer operating costs. Additionally, the product's sustainability features, well-suited for the rising adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles, enhance its financial viability. Integrating advanced technologies, such as cost-effective piezoelectric energy harvesting, further bolsters its appeal. Government incentives and regulations promoting sustainable transportation may add to its economic potential, positioning it as a financially promising venture within the dynamic automotive industry, aligned with global trends toward environmental consciousness. Management Team: The management team overseeing the Piezoelectric Tire project requires a multifaceted skill set vital for success. Their backgrounds encompass diverse expertise, with a focus on specialized engineering disciplines. Firstly, their proficiency in materials engineering is pivotal, given the project's reliance on various piezoelectric materials. These experts possess an in-depth knowledge of material properties, allowing for selecting and optimizing the most suitable piezo

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materials for energy harvesting. Additionally, their mechanical engineering acumen ensures the seamless integration of these materials into tire design. Secondly, the team's strong foundation in electrical engineering and embedded firmware enables the development of sophisticated systems to harness and convert energy efficiently. Lastly, their expertise in artificial intelligence is indispensable for creating intelligent tire features that enhance safety and performance. This multifaceted skill set positions the team to drive innovation and lead the Piezoelectric Tire project to success in the competitive automotive industry. Professionals with a strategic mindset and a keen understanding of the automotive industry bring extensive experience in project management, ensuring efficient coordination and execution of the Piezoelectric Tire project. Their insights into market dynamics, regulatory compliance, and supply chain management are invaluable for navigating the complex automotive landscape. Additionally, their ability to strategize and foster collaborations with industry stakeholders is pivotal in achieving project milestones and commercial success. Together, the technical and non-technical teams form a well-rounded group capable of steering the Piezoelectric Tire project to fruition in a competitive market. Risks & Assumptions: The Piezoelectric Tire for energy harvesting project entails technical and market risks that demand proactive risk management. From a technical perspective, the inherent risk in betting on advanced semiconductor technology exists, particularly in integrating piezoelectric materials into tire design. Market risks are also paramount, as the project's success hinges on the broader market's willingness to embrace energy-efficient tire solutions for electric and hybrid vehicles. Mitigating these risks involves a project plan that thoroughly addresses potential

scenarios, examining "what if" situations that could arise. Critical considerations include assessing whether components are single-sourced and evaluating dependency on new technologies. While certain elements remain within the company's control, such as project priority and basic designs, proactive risk assessment and management are imperative to navigate the project toward success. Conclusion & Recommendation: The Piezoelectric Tire for energy harvesting project, positioned within the dynamic automotive industry, holds substantial promise but entails challenges. To succeed, it is crucial for the team to proactively address technical risks by diversifying technology sources, conducting thorough market research, and cultivating strategic industry partnerships. Additionally, mitigating single- sourcing vulnerabilities and reducing dependency on emerging technologies are paramount. This proactive risk management, continuously monitored and adapted, remains essential. The project's financial viability depends on its alignment with sustainability trends and the growing market for electric and hybrid vehicles.

Word Budget for Midterm Paper Section Section Title Word Budget 1 Abstract 175-200 2 Executive Summary 175-200 3 Product Description 775-800 4 Market Research 775-800 5 Finance and Economics 275-300 6 Management Team 275-300 7 Risks & Assumptions 175-200 8 Conclusion 175-200 Total: 2800-3000

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Bibliography [1] V. Kumbalwar, “The latest technological advancements in the tire industry will help in increasing the cost-effectiveness of vehicles: Engineering Review: Manufacturing: Industrial Sector Magazine & Portal: Indian industrial information: Manufacturing industry update: Manufacturing technology update,” ENGINEERING REVIEW | Manufacturing | Industrial Sector Magazine & Portal | Indian Industrial Information | Manufacturing Industry Update | Manufacturing Technology Update, https://engmag.in/the-latest-technological-advancements-in- the-tire-industry-will-help-in-increasing-the-cost-effectiveness-of-vehicles/ (accessed Sep. 7, 2023). [2] U.S. Department of Energy, “Where the energy goes: Gasoline vehicles,” www.fueleconomy.gov - the official government source for fuel economy information, https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml (accessed Sep. 7, 2023). [3] “The piezoelectric effect - Piezoelectric Motors & Motion Systems,” NANOMOTION, https://www.nanomotion.com/nanomotion-technology/the-piezoelectric-effect/ #:~:text=Piezoelectric%20Effect%20is%20the%20ability,is%20Greek%20for %20%E2%80%9Cpush%E2%80%9D. (accessed Sep. 7, 2023). [4] S. Hazeri and C. N. Mulligan, “Energy harvesting by piezo-tires and their life cycle assessment,” AIP Publishing, https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/12/6/065112/2819120/Energy- harvesting-by-piezo-tires-and-their-life (accessed Sep. 7, 2023). [5] Z. Yang, S. Zhou, J. Zu, and D. Inman, “High-performance piezoelectric energy harvesters and their applications,” Joule, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435118301260#:~:text=Those %20commonly%20used%20in%20energy,properties%20of%20these%20piezoelectric %20materials. (accessed Sep. 7, 2023). [6] ReportLinker, “Tire market – global industry size, share, trends, competition, opportunity, and forecast, 2018-2028,” Yahoo! Finance, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tire-market-global- industry-size-130100317.html (accessed Sep. 21, 2023).

[7] “Tires market: Global Industry Analysis and forecast (2023-2029),” MAXIMIZE MARKET RESEARCH, https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/global-tires-market/ 112589/ (accessed Sep. 21, 2023). [8] “Piezoelectric Devices Market Size Global Report, 2022 - 2030,” Polaris, https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/piezoelectric-devices-market (accessed Sep. 21, 2023). [9] O. Holovko, “Tire market trends to succeed in 2023,” Blog Promodo, https://www.promodo.com/blog/tire-market-trends-to-succeed-in-2023#innovation-of-smart-tires (accessed Sep. 21, 2023). [10] D. Brown, “Smart tires are rolling out to predict flats, blowouts,” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/16/goodyear-smart-car-tires/ (accessed Sep. 21, 2023). EE295 Self-Grading Checklist IEEE Format ✔ Single Topic Sentence (Underlined) ✔ No use of Personal Pronouns ✔ Avoiding Passive Voice ✔ No use of “very” ✔ Supporting Sentences ✔ Concluding Sentence ✔

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