LPA1 Task 3

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Western Governors University *

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Linguistics

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Oct 30, 2023

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Uploaded by jllabo

Jessica Labo LPA1 Task 3 WGU

A1- (Passage uploaded on separate document.) A2- 2a Syntax “is the study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences.” (Wright, 2019) In order to follow the rules of syntax one must focus on the order of words. It is very important when writing a sentence to make sure that the words used are positioned correctly in order to make sense to the reader. For example, English is typically written so that the subject comes first, then the verb, and the object. (Fromkin, 2018) The passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish, uses the sentence, “Steven and Abuela are sitting on the sofa in the living room.” (Grimaldos, 2023) In this sentence, Steven and Abuela are the subject and are placed at the beginning of the sentence. The verb in the sentence is “sitting,” and the object would be the sofa in the living room. This sentence demonstrates the correct usage of word order and the sentence makes sense. In addition, syntax involves using grammatical rules, therefore the subject and verb must agree. In this particular sentence the author is referring to Steven and Abuela, therefore she included the words “are” sitting. If the sentence only involved one subject, such as Steven, then she would have written Steven “is” sitting. Furthermore, syntax rules also include the proper usage of prepositions. Prepositions usually come before the noun and must be used correctly. For example, the previous sentence from the passage stated, “on the sofa.” The word “on” would be the preposition and it is used correctly in the passage. 2b Semantic features focus on the conveyed meaning of a sentence. Semantics should be used properly to ensure sentences use the correct order of words and grammar in order to establish a clear meaning. The passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish, uses the sentence, “His voice is filled with worry.” (Grimaldos, 2023) Some readers may read this sentence and think of something being full but the sentence is actually referring to the way his voice was expressed.

The author is trying to get readers to understand how the individual’s voice sounded, therefore she used the phrase “filled with worry.” The author helps readers convey the message by allowing them to understand that the term “filled” could mean overflowing or a lot so the reader will understand that his voice had a lot of worry in it. If the reader relates his voice to having a lot of worry then they can imagine what his voice sounded like. 2c “The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, is morphology.” (Fromkin, 2018) Words can be broken down into morphemes by looking at the parts, such as a prefix or a suffix. By looking at prefixes and suffixes we can understand the true meaning of a word. The passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish, uses the sentence, “She smiles warmly at him and says, "I made my budín de pan for your bake sale." (Grimaldos, 2023) The word “smiles” can be broken down into two morphemes, “smile” and “s”. Smile is the root of the word and the s makes the word plural. The word “smiles” ends with an “s” so we know that the word is in the present tense. “Warmly” is another word in this sentence with two morphemes. Warm is the root and ly is the suffix. The suffix “ly changes the word “warm” into an adverb. 2d “Academic vocabulary involves the use of more sophisticated sentence structures and forms of expression than are found in everyday conversation.” (Vogt, et al., 2016) It is important for students to have a good understanding of academic vocabulary of the content subjects being taught. (Vogt, et al., 2016) Content vocabulary focuses on important words relating to certain topics. For example, when teaching a lesson about writing, it will be beneficial for students to understand content vocabulary words, such as punctuation and capitalization. Understanding content vocabulary helps students successfully learn. It’s also

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important to have students relate words that they already know to the new vocabulary being taught. Making connections and using prior knowledge will help students learn new vocabulary. The passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish, uses the sentence, "Since it's all sold out now, do you think you could share your family's recipe with me?" (Grimaldos, 2023) The word “recipe” could be considered content vocabulary. It is important to know and understand what a “recipe” is in order to make sense of this sentence. Students should have a clear understanding of the word “recipe” prior to reading this passage. Teachers must be able to find and point out academic and content vocabulary in order to help students read proficiently. B. This passage is written for students at the intermediate level. Students at this level are still developing. They still require clues and help with difficult words. In some cases it may be helpful to modify the text in order for students to read with understanding. If my intermediate students were to read the passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish , I would first modify it to make it easier for students to read. I feel that shortening the passage would help students at this level read sufficiently. I would shorten the number of paragraphs and leave out any unnecessary details. After modifying Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish , students would be able to easily read and comprehend the passage. B1 In addition to modifying, scaffolding can be used to help EL students. I would scaffold this passage by pre-teaching vocabulary words, such as ingredient and recipe. It will be helpful for EL students to review these words prior to reading to ensure understanding. I would also use scaffolding by using visuals. I would create pictures to go along with the passage to help EL students comprehend the text. Including pictures is a great way to make the text more meaningful.

C I discussed in A2a the importance of semantics and the correct order of words. As an example I used the sentence, The passage, Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish, uses the sentence, “Steven and Abuela are sitting on the sofa in the living room.” (Grimaldos, 2023) As a writing activity I would have students write and identify the subjects, verb, and object in the sentence. I would also have them write a new sentence using a past tense verb. Students would have to change the verb “sitting” to “sat”. This will help my intermediate level students identify parts of a sentence as well as the correct order of words. Students will also gain practice changing verb tense. C1 BICS for the intermediate level requires students to break apart language. I feel that this writing activity will support BICS because it requires students to identify parts of a sentence and it allows them to build a new sentence using a different tense. At the intermediate level, it is useful to have students recognize all of the different parts of a sentence in order to promote reading fluency.

References Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2018). An introduction to language (11th ed.). Cengage Limited. Grimaldos, K. (2023). Abuela’s Bake Sale Dish. Retrieved from readworks.org Vogt, M., Echevarria, J. J., & Short, D. J. (2016). Making content comprehensible for English learners (5th ed.). Pearson. Wright, W. E. (2019). Foundations for teaching English language learners: Research, theory, policy, and practice . Brookes Publishing.

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