SPHY103 Assessment 2

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Australian Catholic University *

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103

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Linguistics

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Oct 30, 2023

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SPHY103 Assessment 2: Analysis Report Template Word Count (minus phonetic transcription): 1257 1. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY Part A: Phonetic Transcription Line number Place your phonetic transcription here Line 19 Tom For it to be able to be at home alone for periods of time əˈlə n fə ˈpʰɪəriːədz əv ˈtʰãem ʉ̃ Line 20 Tom Yeah I’d like an, an affectionate sort of dog as well. ən əˈfekʃənət ˈsoːtəv ˈdɔɡ Line 22 James Work your magic ˈwɜːk jə ˈmædʒɪk Line 65 Tayla She’s a bit of a nervous Nelly . ˈbɪt əv ə ˈnɜːvəs ˈneliː Line 66 Sam She is yeah ʃɪz ˈjeː Line 71 Tom Let her do her thing ˈdʉː ˈhə ˈθɪŋ Line 73 Tom She’s gorgeous ˈʃiːz ˈɡoːʒəs Part B: Analysis of variation in connected speech 1. Syllable Deletion Line number, Speaker, full line with word highlighted Line 66 Sam She is yeah Transcription of word in citation form /ʃiː ˈɪz/ Transcription of word in connected speech process /ʃɪz/ Provide a brief definition of the speech process and explain how the example reflects your definition During rapid casual speech, the word “she” is blended together with the word “is” resulting in the deletion of the /iː/ sound in “she”. The three-syllable phrase / ʃiː ˈɪz ˈjeː / is reduced to a two-syllable phrase / ʃɪz ˈjeː /. 2. Vowel reduction in function words Line number, Speaker, full line with word Line 65, Tayla, bit of a nervous Nelly .

highlighted Transcription of word in citation form /ɔv/ Transcription of word connected speech process /əv/ Provide a brief definition of the speech process and explain how the example reflects your definition During connected speech we can see a change in the vowel used. In the example provided we can see the back vowel /ɔ/ is replaced with a central schwa vowel /ə/ with more stress being placed on the consonant /v/. This process is known as reduction and is a feature of fast paced articulated speech. 3. Consonant deletion in function words Line number, Speaker, full line with word highlighted Line 19 Tom For it to be able to be at home alone for periods of time Transcription of word in citation form /foːr/ Transcription of word connected speech process /fə/ Provide a brief definition of the speech process and explain how the example reflects your definition This speech process is referred to as final consonant deletion, in this except we can hear the speaker omitting the /r/ sound at the end of the word ‘her’. Australian English naturally omits the /r/ sound from the end of words but when spoken in a rapid, colloquial manner the /oː/ sound is weakened and replaced with a schwa. 2. MORPHO-SYNTAX Part A: 1. Barky a) An Adjective b) An adjective is a part of speech that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. In this case the adjective ‘barky’ is used to describe the nature of the pronoun ‘she’. ‘Barky’ is a derivative adjective that uses the suffix ‘-ly’ to change the lexical

category of the word from a verb into an adjective. Part A: 2. Enjoying c) A present participle d) A present participle is a form of a verb used to indicate a continuous tense. The use of the suffix “-ing” suggests an ongoing action in the present time, adding to the base of the original verb. In this case, “enjoying” functions as an adjective, modifying the noun “thing” by describing its qualities. Part B: Phrases. They looked at that smile on his face. a) The transposition test requires a phrase to remain grammatically correct when changing the sequence of speech parts. The phrase “that smile on” fails to meet these criteria as when moved it contorts the sentence structure, rendering it ungrammatical. E.g., “That smile on they looked at his face” Is not coherent. The substitution test refers to the ability to replace the phrase with either a different phrase or single word and still retain the same meaning. Noun phrases can be replaced with pronouns and still retain meaning, as the above phrase does not contain a central noun it fails this test. The stand-alone question test requires the phrase to be able to form into a meaningful question. When the phrase “that smile on” is posed as a question e.g., “when does that smile on” it lacks coherency, therefore indicating that it fails this constituent test. b) The noun phrase should read “that smile on his face”. 3. SEMANTICS Part A: Analysis of word meaning and semantic relationships 1. Hyponymy A hyponym is part of a hierarchical structure that incorporates words with narrower or more specific meanings (a hyponym) as part of a subcategory for broader words or

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phrases, known as a hypernyms. The following words are hyponyms: - “Roll” could be a hyponym for “movement” as it represents a specific type of motion or move. - “Dog” is a hyponym of “animal” as it represents a subtype of animal e.g., a mammal, domesticated, canine. - “Tail” could be a hyponym of “limb” as it is a specific body part usually related to an animal. - “Kelpie” is a hyponym for a specific breed of dog. 2. Synonyms A synonym refers to a word or phrase that share similar meanings and semantic properties but have a different word forms. The following words are synonyms: - Beautiful and gorgeous both share the same meaning of conveying beauty or a pleasant aesthetic. - Active and energetic both share a meaning of vitality or being full of energy. 3. Homonym(s) Homonyms are words that are spelled the same and sound the same but differ in their definitions. Homonyms have two main categories; the first being homophones which are words that sound the same but differ in their spelling and meaning. The second being homographs which are words that are spelled the same but can have different pronunciations and meanings. The following words are homonyms: - “Roll” and “Role” – These two words represent a homophone, with “roll” (a verb) referring to a physical movement or action and “role” (a noun) referring to a title or function held by someone. - “Lead” – Lead is a homograph that contains two differing meanings. Firstly, lead as a noun referring to a type of metal. Secondly, lead as a verb referring to guiding someone or something. Part B: Analysis of phrase/sentence meaning – work your magic a) The phrase “work your magic” can be interpreted both literally and figuratively. Literally, the phrase implies the ability of someone or something to produce extraordinary powers. Figuratively, the phrase is used as a request for someone to utilize their expertise and skills to achieve a desired result. b) The literal interpretation of the phrase applies a more rigid view to semantics. This interpretation considers the literal definition of each individual word and assumes

that the overall phrase can be understood by adhering to these definitions. The figurative interpretation considers the semantics features that help to determine the meaning of the overall phrase. It considers the context and tone in which the phrase was spoken. c) In this instance, the phrase is being spoken in a figurative manner. The phrase is being used as a metaphor to imply that the individual can use their “magic” abilities to provide a desired outcome. 4. PRAGMATICS Part A: Deictic reference a) “That” and “She” b) A deictic reference refers to the interpretation of words and phrases based on the linguistic and situational context in which they are uttered. The pronouns listed above represent deictic references depending on the context they are used in. For example: “That” and “she” are pronouns referring to the dog Keira. Deictic reference is established via the previous contextual knowledge that has been provided to the listener. E.g., The noun “Keira” has already been mentioned earlier in the conversation, so the listener is able to infer that the pronouns “that” and “she” are referring to Keira. c) Anaphoric expression is a type of deictic reference that involves referring to an entity or concept that has previously been mentioned. It relies on the listener being able to interpret the reference based on the previously shared information. Anaphoric expression can occur when a pronoun refers back to the original noun phrase. For example, “Emma has a kitten. It is small”. The interpretation of “it” is based on the shared knowledge of Emma’s kitten between the speaker and listener. Part B: Speech Acts a) Direct speech acts are those where the imeaning and intention of the speech are

directly related to the utterance and syntactic structure of the sentence spoken. Indirect speech acts are those which convey meaning outside of the direct utterance and sentence structure. The meaning and intention of the speech may not be as evident. b) The speech function is a question that is interrogative in nature. c) “Is his favourite breed the Kelpie?” d) The question “His favourite breed is the kelpie” at first appears to sound more like a declarative statement as opposed to a question. It is only via the use of the question mark that the reader can decipher that the phrase is being posed as a question. My rephrased version “Is his favourite breed the Kelpie?” places the verb “is” before the subject noun. By doing this the question takes on a typical interrogative structure that is easier to interpret and identify as a direct speech act.

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