DEA 1500 Prelim 2 Questions (Recovered)
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DEA 1500 Prelim 2 Questions
1.
a.
Explain the likely role of territoriality in the description of what happened with urban renewal
on Boston’s West End.
Urban renewal is the process of tearing down slums and replacing them with better
housing. This process sometimes involves forcing residents to move to other places. Many
immigrants lived in Boston’s West End because of the low housing prices. The low housing
quality, however, resulted in its urban renewal, forcing many immigrants to move from West End
to public housing. The people’s territoriality was negatively affected, because they
had lost the
home that they had grown attached to
, regardless of if the territory was good or bad. Loss of
territoriality led to the people’s grief.
Role of territoriality in terms of:
●
Place attachment:
Place attachment is the emotional feeling that people develop
towards a place, such as their home. It defines how important a place is to a user. The
residents’ grief caused by urban renewal depended on how strong their attachment was
toward their homes. The stronger the place attachment, the greater the grief.
●
Spatial identity:
Spatial identity is the idea that a place is part of one’s identity. Because
of urban renewal, many people were forced to relocate and thus felt that they had
literally lost a part of their identity.
b.
Describe
three
physical factors that came into play in residents’ reactions to urban renewal.
For each of these factors define it and explain how/why if affected residents’ reactions.
1.
External Density
: it is defined as the physical area available to the given number of
individuals present in the space. High density allowed easy and unplanned social interaction
due to high proximity for residents before urban renewal. Due to urban renewal, there was lower
density which resulted in lower proximity for social interaction, negatively affecting the residents.
2.
Friction of Physical Distance
: it refers to the notion that distance requires some amount of
effort, energy, time and other resources to overcome. In the urban renewal, during which the
residents were scattered, they did not have enough money or other means to overcome the
increased physical distance, which detracted from their important component of friendship.
3.
Functional Distance
: Functional distance describes how the arrangement of spaces
influences the likelihood of people coming into contact with each other due to location or
architecture while physical distance refers to a quantity of how far apart one is from one another.
This affected the residents negatively because they were less likely to interact with each other
because of the arrangement of their new homes.
c.
For
one
of the physical factors you discuss, explain whether or not this factor would have
been salient for the Ojibawa Nation in Ontario.
External density
would have been very salient for the Ojibawa Nation in Ontario. Certain
Native Americans need access to the water (both traditionally and for their commerce), so
access to water is very important. Previously, these groups were spread out with a direct path to
the river. After relocation, however, only some had access to the river, while many clusters
formed near the river which facilitated easier social interactions for them. Since Ojibawa which
previously had low external density but now have increased density, people in the Ojibawa
nation did not have independent/personal access to water.
d.
Describe any interventions that includes at least two sociocultural and two environmental
factors to avoid some of the harmful effects of urban renewal uncovered by Fried in Grieving
for a Lost Home.
1.
Sociocultural:
a.
surround people with proximity (family members, already known friends)
together.
b.
Let people participate in the decision-making process regarding issues with
urban renewal.
Often, the process is very hierarchical with no control and no
input given to the residents. So, increasing citizen participation and informing
people about what is going to happen would reduce harmful effects of urban
renewal.
2.
Environmental:
a.
Install adjacent entries (changing arrangement of doorways): While separate
entries isolate residents, adjacent entries promote interaction, making social
interactions easier and more convenient.
b.
Keep a higher external density as Italians prefer living in a place with more
proximity. While internal density (i.e. too many people in one room or apartment)
may be detrimental by making places more crowded, external density (in a city
precinct) promotes relief for those who were affected by urban renewal.
2
.
a.
Describe the following characteristics of behavioral toxicology: sub clinical effects, critical
period, multiple effects. For each characteristics give an example of a behavioral toxin effect
that illustrates it.
●
Subclinical effects
are biological changes with detectable symptoms (i.e.
changes in behavior) following exposure to a harmful agent known either before physical
symptoms of the disease occur or when they are absent.
●
Behavioral outcomes of lead
○
Lower IQ with higher lead level
○
Higher chance of being distracted, not persistent, unable to follow sequences
levels
○
Higher lead → increased % with reading disability, increased % not
graduating from high school
●
Critical period
– Critical period is the age range in which exposure to a toxin will affect
the organism the most
○
Research on the onset of the Minamata disease, shows that mothers who
ingested mercury from fish from contaminated water, passed on the disease to
their children. These mothers did not show symptoms of the disease, which for
their children ended up being: sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech),
disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. This was because the mothers
were past their critical period
so behavioral symptoms were not present
, while for
their babies they were exposed to mercury in the utero and thus were impacted
in their critical period.
○
(Needleman study on lead exposure is an illustration of this. He studied lead
exposure by checking baby teeth. The babies with lead exposure in high levels
had reading deficits as children. Their exposure when a baby (their critical
period) impacted them later on in life.)
●
Multiple effects
– Multiple effects refers to the fact that multiple toxins can result
in the same effects. Some toxins have unique signatures, but most of them have
overlapping symptoms.
●
For example, lead, PCP, and mercury all cause a lowered IQ, making it unclear
which individual toxins caused the effect.
b.
A local citizens group pressures its city council to clean up a hazardous waste site created
by emissions from a local chemical company. A member of the city council argues:
i.
this toxin does not produce any physical damage in human adults at the levels
uncovered in the hazardous waste site.
ii.
even if there were some ill effects, given the low levels of toxins emitted from the site,
the impacts would be quite small. (small effects argument)
Using information from reading and lecture, provide one counter-argument to each of her
arguments.
i. Toxins may not produce any physical damage, but there will be subclinical effects such as
behavioral effects. These effects do not show physical, diagnosable symptoms, but they are still
existent. For example, there was a study that compared homicide rates in cities using lead pipes
versus cities using non-lead pipes. Homicide rates were higher in cities with lead pipes because
the lead had a non-physical but detrimental effect on criminal behavior.
ii. Some toxins may not show up right away. The effects can accumulate over time. For example
in Minamata, Japan, women who were exposed to mercury from the fish they consumed saw no
ill symptoms but the children that they conceived later had lower IQ levels. This shows that even
if impacts may seem small or nonexistent at the time of the occurrence, there may be harmful
effects later on, even indirectly. + Critical period
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c. The City Chamber of Commerce also weighs in against the citizen group. The Chamber
argues:
I.
the chemical company, who is a major employer of many of the people living near the waste
site, should not have to pay for the research to prove whether or not the site is harmful because
of current environmental regulatory law in the US.
I.
Support
:
-
The statement is valid. From the City Chamber of Commerce’s perspective, they
are not violating the current environmental regulatory law, so they do not feel any
obligation to test the toxin, especially if the process is troublesome and/or costly.
I.
Counter-argument:
-
However, although it does not violate any law, it is unethical to avoid testing for
something that could possibly be hazardous to human health for the sake of
saving time and money. In Europe, the
Precautionary Principle
requires the
companies to prove the product safe from any harmful effects or early childhood
exposure. The public has the right to challenge the company to test the safety of
the chemicals that is released in the environment.
II.
If the cleanup were to be approved, the economic impacts would be terrible for the town in
general and especially for the persons employed by the company responsible for the dumping.
Many of these people have low wage jobs and live near the hazardous waste site.
I. Support
:
If the cleanup were to be approved, the chemical company will have to be
responsible for the waste dump. This could lead to a loss of money, which in turn
results in people being fired or losing their wage as the company will have to
spend more funds on clean up rather than wages. Some employees, who are
already of low SES, will end up unemployed.
Others will be directly exposed to
the toxic chemicals.
II. Counter-argument:
The environmental impacts of not approving the cleanup would
be more costly than the economic impacts. By not going through the cleanup, the
living quality for the people would drop even more. This will lead to a corruption
of environmental justice. For example, as the environment gets worse, the
people will increasingly have lower health and standard of living.
3.
a. Explain the inter-relationships among crowding, social support, and mental health. Describe
how the results of either a field study or a laboratory study from lecture or readings are
consistent with these inter-relationships
Crowding, social support, and mental health are all inter-related. In essence, if crowding
increases, social support decreases, which inevitably leads to psychological distress. ((The
theories of crowding are overstaffing (overmanning), privacy, and stress. ))
An example from lecture (3/5/2018) cites a study about how crowding affects the
responsiveness of college students off campus to offers of support. Results of this study showed
that students were less likely to be responsive to support if they are from a crowded
environment, whereas responsiveness is much higher if the students are from a non-crowded
environment. This lack of response to social support only exacerbates the psychological
distress that students from crowded environments face, which creates a negative cycle.
b. Develop a new experiment (lab or field) to test the stress theory of crowding
. Explain this
theory and then describe the logic of how your research would test the role of stress. Generate
some hypothetical data consistent with this theory and explain how your hypothetical data
support this theory. Use a table/graph to generate hypothetical data and remember to accurately
label your table/graph.
The stress theory of crowding places emphasis on that crowding induces stress by: 1)
increasing the invasion of personal space, 2) placing constraint on behavior, and 3) interfering
with goals.
Thus, an experiment that would test the role of stress in crowding would have to
show these effects.
Randomize a sample from a population into two different groups. Both groups will be
given material to study for a test, but one group will have an ample amount of space, while the
other group will have its students sitting very closely to each other while they study. The exam
scores will be presented in a table such as:
Test scores
Stress level
(out of 10)
Crowded
60%
9
Non-crowded
90%
4
This data supports the stress theory by proving when given the same test and time to
study, those in the crowded group scored less and felt more stress. This shows that through
crowding, stress level is increased because there is an invasion of personal space as well as
interference with the goal to score well.
c. If human beings reacted to crowding the same way as other animals, what would you expect
the relationship of human crowding and fertility to be? How would such a relationship between
human fertility and crowding relate to Malthus' theory of carrying capacity. Explain your answer
and include a description of Malthus’ theory of carrying capacity as part of your answer.
Malthus stated that all populations are regulated by carrying capacity. He theorized that carrying
capacity will be reached due to human exponential population growth. Once population growth
exceeds carrying capacity there will be limited resources and there will be cash in fertility and
population. However, Calhoun’s experiment proved this to be false. In his experiment, mice
were given plenty of resources but were crowded. The crowding caused antisocial behavior in
the mice and caused breakdown in social structure. It is clear that crowding, not a lack of
resources, will cause a decrease in fertility.
4.
a. Describe
two
auditory effects of noise and
two
nonauditory effects of noise other than
reading.
-
Auditory effect:
1.
Damages hearing / loss of hearing: when people are exposed to high dB sound
they are more likely to lose hearing ability. There are two types of loss of hearing
-permanent and temporary. For the case of permanent loss, it is closely related to
the duration of noise exposure (how long people are exposed to the noise) rather
than the age of people. In case of temporary loss, which is also known as
Temporary Threshold Shift (T.T.F.), people temporarily experience muffled sound
because the noise they are exposed to exceeds threshold. (Think about the
situation after you came out from a club)
2.
Sleep Disorder: According to one research, there is a huge difference in sleep
quality between people exposed to under 50 dB and people to over 60 dB.
Indeed, latter subjects experienced more sleep disorder. (Hospital: People need
high quality of sleeping to recover from disease. Hospitals should be conducive
to patient recovery and safety as well as employee health and productivity.)
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-
Non auditory (not loud enough to affect auditory ability but loud enough to negatively
affect):
1.
Increases blood pressure (physiological effect): Comparing blood pressure of
children in quiet condition and in noise, researchers found out that people have
high blood pressure in noise, and it becomes higher when they are exposed to
the noise for long time.
2.
People are less altruistic: people tend to help others more in a quiet condition.
b. Numerous studies show that noise is associated with deficits in reading acquisition.
Draw a graph showing the general pattern of airport noise exposure and reading scores.
<Relationship between airport noise and reading scores>
What is a potential weakness in these kinds of data?
A potential weakness in using this kind of data as evidence that noise causes reading deficits is
that there could be confounding variables
. This has to do with the self-selection process. People
living near airports may not have a choice of where they live if they have lower income and
therefore do not have a choice of where they attend school.
c. Describe data from the NYC school study and tell me two aspects of this study that provide
better evidence for the link between noise and reading. Why do these two features of the study
provide stronger evidence?
NYC Study:
Elementary School in the Bronx surrounded by an elevated train track
●
The reading scores of children on the side of the school with the track are lower than the
children on the quiet side.
●
The school board sued the transit company
●
They sound proofed the school and made the tracks quieter
Reading score
Airport noise Exposure
●
No longer a major difference in reading level
Reasons why this study provides stronger evidence:
1)
Random Assignment: This experiment can expect similar result with random
assignment. Therefore, there is no confounding variable or self-selection process in this
experiment. Although they do not choose where to live, this experiment eliminated
confounding variable elements because subjects were tested in both noise condition and
quiet condition
2)
Same subject for a long time (collected data over time) to eliminate confounding
variables. By experimenting the same subjects over time, researchers can eliminate
variables that might occur depending on individual’s backgrounds and situations.
d. Design a study to examine possible task performance effects of noise on children’s memory.
Make sure you use what we know about the conditions in which noise has adverse effects on
adult task performance. In other words build into the design of your study the kinds of
measure(s) that would be critical to demonstrating noise effects on adult task performance.
Explain the rationale behind your hypothetical study.
Study: Have a random sample of children memorize the names of 30 individuals on photos they
have never seen before (primary task), while telling them to remember the color of their hair
(secondary task) in a quiet environment. Then, do the same study (with the same photos) for
another random sample of children in a noisy environment.
Rationale: In dual or complex tasks, there is a greater sensitivity and hence more errors under
noise. People can deal with noise until they are pushed to their capacity (by having to do a
complex task instead of a simple one) or when they are under higher demand. Complex tasks
slow down cognitive/mental processing. For our hypothetical study, the children would not be so
affected by the noise if they were only given one primary task. However, because they also had
a secondary task (dual task), they were more sensitive to the noise.
5.
a. Explain the Dubos theory of the Paradox of Human Adaptability. What makes it a paradox?
Rene Dubos’ paradox of human adaptability states that all men, regardless of origin, have the
same biological makeup, physiological requirements and responses to stimuli
. This makes all
humans extremely adaptable
→ oxygen (invention of machine) → we start to live in an
environment and adapt to it / we are very
flexible / powerful
as species
→ *PARADOX*
c
reating an environment that’s not healthy
b. Give
three
examples (either from class or the readings) of how adapting to certain
environments can have a physiological, interpersonal/social, or cognitive effect (
one example
of each
). Explain how adaptation is producing the effect.
Show that adaptation is creating the problem
●
Physiological: People in the city have lungs that are more adapted to the polluted
environment because they have grown up under severe air pollution for a while.
●
Cognitive: Someone who grew up in the city or a place with heavy smog would adapt to
the pollution by no longer being able to see the smog and notice that there is a problem.
●
Social: Because of crowded environment and stressors in the city compared to rural
areas, people in the city adapt by avoiding eye contacts more often.
c. Suppose that a woman has moved to a large city from a rural area and finds herself
overwhelmed by the amount of people there. What are
four
ways she could cope with urban
overload? For two of the ways she could cope, what might be an unintended side effect?
*
bolded
: unintended side effect
●
Give less time to social inputs (pace, eye contact)
○
Walk faster, drive faster
●
Disregard low priority inputs
○
Ignore the needy
○
Less altruistic - side effect
●
Block input prior to entry
○
Doorman hired to keep public away (reduce the overload by blocking it)
○
Withdraw from society, reject someone who you really need
●
Create special institutions to reduce demands
○
Soup kitchens and shelters
1.
Redefine boundaries in social transactions: exact change (Transportation
system)
d. Describe
three
ways the people in the picture below are controlling/reducing the level of
stimulation they receive.
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1.
이어폰
(
소음 차단
) Headphone on
2.
핸드폰
(no eye-contact) head down + no eye contact
3.
자리 띄어앉는거
make space between people
6.
Darwinian medicine argues that modern life in North America is unhealthy because our life
style generates too much stress.
a. Present three research findings to support this claim and explain why/how the evidence
supports the argument.
●
Blood pressure vs. age in Botswana and London
○
London (economically developed, modern): blood pressure rises with age
○
Botswana (more traditional): blood pressure does not rise with age
○
Possibly because of the demands that people live with in modern, urban world
●
Nuns study
○
Blood pressure of women in modern society (non-nuns) increased very 4 years
○
Cloistered nuns’ blood pressure stayed constant
○
Nuns actually ate worse diet; neither group smoked
●
Japanese men immigrated to Hawaii
○
Some lived traditionally, others non-traditionally
○
Young Japanese males who became more culturated to American lifestyle in
Hawaii (nontraditional) ended up with increase in blood pressure
b. For one of these findings, generate a counter explanation to the Darwinian theoretical
explanation.
Blood pressure vs age in Botswana vs. London:
-
Blood pressure of people in Botswana may not increase with age because their lifestyle
involves more physical activity (walking around to get to places, etc.). On the other hand,
lifestyle in London involves less physical activity throughout the course of their lives, thus
making their blood pressure rise with age.
c. What is Milgram's basic thesis about urban living? Take one of Milgram's mechanisms for
adaptation to urban life. Explain the mechanism and describe one piece of evidence for it.
Milgram says that if you grow up in a big city, you walk faster, drive faster, are more withdrawn,
maintain less eye contact, and have less engagement with strangers.
-Disregard low priority inputs (ignore the needy, have less altruism) because urban life creates
burdens that make people ignore what isn’t of primary importance.
-Ex. Ignore beggars, walk faster and avoid eye contact with them
d. Describe a hypothetical experiment to investigate the role of acute exposure to
overload in the adaptation mechanism to urban life used in part c. Generate hypothetical
data with a table or graph that contradicts Milgram's theory. Explain why your
hypothetical results contradict Milgram's theory of urban overload. Hint: Milgram’s
theory is about adaptation to
chronic
overload
*Illustrate urban vs rural
Reactions to acute (noise)
영헌
- Graph has two lines:
a. Two groups of college freshmen, move to poor air quality area (southern California)
i. Students who are previously experienced this type of environment (long term) vs. students who
are new to this kind of environment (recent)
ii. Consistent pattern shown that college students who recently experienced this environment
were much more sensitive, bothered
iii. Long term subjects were much less aware to visual cues of air pollution as well
b. Humans seem to prefer to have a moderate level of stimulation
i. Too little leads to sensory deprivation, too much leads to sensory overload
urban overload: too much stimulation- too much crowding, noise, advertising
acute → what you are exposed right now
● high or low level of noise
chronic → historical noise that you grew up in
● urban and rural
**for the rural new comer, responsiveness will start with a high number but gradually decrease
as they are exposed longer.
for the long term city resident, they will have consistent low responsiveness.
something like this:
Responsiveness of Rural new come & City resident to the needy (homeless people?)
Urban Newcomer
City resident
Noisy
Quiet
Noisy
Quiet
1 month
8
9
2
3
6 months
5
7
2
3
12 months
3
6
2
3
스피드
-
민재
눈을 마주칠 수 있는 시간
Altruism - jeena
걸음 걸이
Number of doormans for unwanted social entry
e. Explain Dubos’ paradox of human adaptability. Provide evidence from
three
different types of
costs of coping that support Dubos’ idea and explain why each of the findings fit his theory.
Paradox: Compared to most species, humans are very good at adapting, but the adaptations we
make encourage more harmful lives.
there is no limit to the amount of social adaptive mechanisms that one can bring on the external
world to take on the stresses of the future to cope with crowding misery pollution and shortages,
etc. but biological and social changes that help overcome threats is at the cost of other human
values. it will bring about
a decrease in the resistance of body and the mind. This
resistance makes us more prone to disease.
Therefore, the problem of adaptation is that we
are so good at adapting, we adjust to conditions and habits that will
eventually destroy
the values most characteristic to human life.
1)
Demand → Smoking
2)
Burden/Stressful work → sedentary
3)
Crowding → Social withdraw
4)
Overwhelmed information → miss some information that you might actually
want/like.
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○
Give less time to social inputs (pace, eye contact)
■
Walk faster, drive faster
■
Miss some information that you might actually want/like.
■
Don’t engage with strangers
■
New Yorkers drive and walk much faster than those living in Ithaca
○
Disregard low priority inputs
■
Ignore the needy
■
Less altruistic - side effect
○
Block input prior to entry
■
Unlisted phone numbers
■
Doorman hired to keep public away (reduce the overload by blocking it)
■
Withdraw from society, reject someone who you really need
○
Create special institutions to reduce demands
■
Soup kitchens
■
Shelters - Decreases with overload
■
Segregation with social class
7.
a. Define environmental perception. What does it mean to say that environmental perception is
a constructive process? Provide three different types of evidence (e.g. schemata would be one
type) port the position that environmental perception is a constructive process. Explain why the
evidence supports this position.
Definition
-
The process of evaluating what we see in the environment and how we store information
and memories (acquiring sensory information)
Perception is a constructive process
-
We do not see things the way they really are. We are not passive observers. We
manipulate what we see and change it.
Examples
-
1st Type: Gestalt [an organized whole that is perceived as more than sum of its parts]
-
Example) columns vs. rows.
-
Column is one image and row as another
-
Objects closer together are seen to be as continuation of the same figure.
-
2nd Type: Schemata [structural organization (expectation/bias) imposed on stimuli from
the environment]
-
Example) Chess board
-
Chess players are more likely memorize the locations of all the pieces when it
involves a strategy.
-
When chess pieces are placed in a strategic way, it is easier for expert chess
players to memorize the location of each chess piece, since the players will be
able to fit the entire chess board structure into their existing schema.
-
3rd Type: Culture and Experience
-
Picture of cattle on field shown to people
-
Normal people just see “cattle on field”
-
If you ask rainforest people what they see, they start laughing
-
They see big cattle in the front, and miniature cattle in the back
-
Because they live in a rainforest, they don’t have perception of depth (they aren’t
use to seeing things far away)
b. Describe
one
research example and
one personal experience
that shows human beings
have cognitive maps. For both examples, explain why/how the results/experience indicate that
people have cognitive maps.
Definition:
Cognitive map is a mental representation of physical locations. Humans and animals use them
to find their way and to help recall important features of the environment. Elements of a
cognitive map include node, edge, district, and landmark.
Research Example:
-
In college campuses of France and UC Irvine, students were asked to draw a map of
campus twice: once at the beginning of their first year and once at the end.
-
Comparing the first map vs. second map
1.
Number of landmarks that the students marked did not change significantly
2.
Number of paths increased significantly
3.
Shows improvement in accuracy and quality of their cognitive map
-
Explanation for the changes
-
When the students arrived at the campus for the first time, they learned
landmarks and used them as anchors for establishing paths between landmarks.
-
This indicates that people have cognitive maps, since the students use their cognitive
maps to draw the campus. From their cognitive maps, they used landmarks and paths to
draw out the campus accurately as possible.
Personal Example:
-
I was walking to a restaurant in my hometown, got lost, and did not know where I was.
Thus, I went to the closest landmark (home / school / etc.) and then made my way to the
restaurant.
-
This example shows the existence of a cognitive map because I used the landmark as a
placeholder to establish a map with other locations and places in specific areas. Using
that cognitive map, I was able to find the way to the restaurant .
c. Sally is the daughter of a Cornell Professor. She was born in Ithaca and lived in a campus
dorm with her parents. She is now a freshman student herself at Cornell. Based upon research,
describe her cognitive map of campus now compared to when she was 5 years old.
5 yr old sally has a cognitive map of cornell campus that is landmark dependent and egocentric.
She needs landmark cues to help her understand the campus layout.
College freshman Sally has a cognitive map that is much more accurate and developed
because she has experience and familiarity with the area now. Her topological accuracy
(pathway from A to B), projective accuracy (relative position), and particularly her euclidian
accuracy(measurement) should be much more improved. She has more landmarks and paths in
her cognitive map from buildings where she has the most classes, spends the most time, etc.
d. Suzy is new to Cornell. She is Sally’s freshman roommate on North Campus. Based upon
readings/lectures, describe a total of three differences or similarities between Suzy’s and Sally’s
cognitive maps in the Fall of their first semester on campus.
Suzy
Sally(5
살부터 산 애
)
Landmark-dependent;
Basic location of buildings in relation to each
other with simple paths connecting them but
no shape of buildings
Accurate geographically;
Detailed paths between buildings + shape of
buildings
Suzy only has landmarks that are frequented
by freshmen.
Has landmarks from her home as a 5 year
old.
Their ability should even out in 3 months time.
Suzy: Newcomer - Landmark-dependent.
Relative position
of different landmarks from each
other. Cognitive maps have basic elements they think are necessary for getting around. (ex.
basic location of buildings in relation to each other with simple paths connecting them, but not
shape of buildings)
Sally: Experienced resident. Able to
accurately geographically locate
the landmarks in
different places on campus.
Path
s in between landmarks are filled in. As familiarity of the space
is increased, the detail of the cognitive map increases as well. (ex. shape of buildings)
e. Suzy and Sally also have a roommate, Inochi, who is from Japan. Describe how Inochi and
Suzy’s perception of the campus environment might differ. Explain how this difference in
perception might affect Inochi and Suzy’s cognitive maps of campus upon arrival and at the end
of their freshman year. Use research from readings/lectures to support your answer.
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Inochi- (Japan) - grew up in Japan, where culture is collective. She will see the landmarks in
relation to one another, and will be able to build a better cognitive map of the campus once she
learns where the landmarks are in respect to one another.
Suzy (USA) - grew up in America, where the culture is individualistic. She will see the
landmarks
as absolute geographic places, and therefore will build a better cognitive map of the campus
when she learns the absolute locations of the landmarks, then fill in the gaps.
By the end of their freshman year, their cognitive maps will look similar.
These differences are supported by framed line test, where they were asked to either draw a
line identical in length to the first line or to draw a line proportional to size of the surrounding
frame. Americans were better at absolute task (draw in absolute length, ignoring the size of the
box), while Asians were better at relative task. (relative to the frame)
8.
This is one of the most widely revered public spaces in the world.
a. From what you can see, describe three design elements that contribute to why this space
works so well from research and theory on successful public spaces. If you want to assume
there is or is not a certain element in the space (e.g., there appears to be places for people to sit
on the steps around the periphery), it is fine to do so. Just be explicit in your description and
analysis.
There are areas for people to sit around the edges and the large column on the right. Food
vendors are also in this picture. Activity generators (street music -assumed, games, pigeons ->
kids are playing with them and adults are watching kids) The location in the picture is Venice.
The colonnades have cafes in them.
What Whyte says makes public spaces good and fail
1) Visual access (open)
2) Visual prospect (see in to time) Very open space.
People can easily enter this place and can see what is going on in the space ahead of time.
According to Whyte, the thing that attracts people most is people. When people see how people
are interacting in a certain space and know their options, people are attracted to that space.
3) seating where you can see other people (soft edge: differences in plane, makes it visually
interesting, gives people to sit)
b. Add
three
additional design and planning elements of successful public spaces based on
readings/lectures, to make it even better?
Seating is limited in this space. There should be more benches or areas for people to
sit. Also, there is no view of nature (other than the sky) either. Adding some nature in
this space would also make it better.
-
-Nature - people are usually attracted to nature. Nature separates people from urban
surrounding and give them a sense of relief.
-
-Food -According to Whyte, people are attracted to place with what they like and
what they can use. Availability of food is one of the most important steps to take in
attracting people to a location. (street vendors in NYC attract people and they help
attracting people to street shops too)
-
-Focal Point - Street entertainers, or other focal point that can attract people. People
come to watch so people go to places where they can look at things, do activities, or
place that has reason to go.
c. Come up with an element of your own not covered in readings or lecture that you think
also contributes to good public spaces. Explain how/why you think this element would
facilitate a good public space. If your explanation relates to an HER process covered in
class so far, link it to that. If you don’t think it links to one we have covered, generate
your own HER process to try and explain why this element might work well.
-
one HER process that you can “create” is lighting. Gary said that it is an HER process that
has not been introduced to us, so we’re free to use it. For this question, you can make up a
design element that is related to light and that should be good.
Office Hours:
Example: Art installation – stimulate curiosity – environmental stimulation
Acoustic things -> white noise
Not a lot of sources of entertainment for elderly – adding chessboard TOO CLOSE TO ACTIVITY
GENERATOR
Accessibility – train station nearby
Multiple entrances – defensible space
Natural springs to fill up water bottles
9.
Public health professionals, planners, and designers argue that one of the reasons for the
obesity epidemic in North America is because of the design and planning of environments,
particularly suburban settings.
a. Analyze this setting in terms of
four
different design elements that might foster obesity. If you
need to assume something about what is present or absent, state that explicitly. Tie your
analysis in with readings and lecture from class.
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1. In suburban neighborhoods with less dense population than urban neighborhoods, people
walk less and have higher BMIs. Less sprawl in Suburban neighborhoods
●
No sidewalks or bike paths:
The neighborhood does not seem easy to walk around, provided there is a lack of
sidewalks, bike paths, and general road maintenance. People in the neighborhood are thus discouraged from walking,
and instead choose to drive, decreasing their participation in an active lifestyle and increasing the rate of obesity.
2. Portion size + container shape affects consumption (Plate sizes for this question)
a)
People given a two gallon bowl of Chex Mix, at 55% more than those with half gallon
bowls
b)
People given extra large bucket of popcorn ate 45% more than those given a large
bucket (even with stale popcorn, people ate 34% more!)
3. Mean number of McDonald’s restaurants per 1000 people by income level.
a)
Lower income has more access to fast food.
4. Leeds, England. Supermarket constructed in community with no supermarket. Before, there
were just convenience stores (eg. 7-11 markets)
a.
Supermarkets sell healthier products than convenience stores
b.
People increased consumption of fruits and vegetables
c.
Lower income neighborhood has less supermarkets and more convenience stores so
lower quality of food intake increases obesity.
5. Closer proximity to junk food stores increases junk food consumption.
●
Homogeneity of suburban households:
Suburban neighborhoods are often built with a focus on individual units
(individual houses), with no regard for the collective town. The lack of diversity in the environment elicit feelings of
isolation, alienation to sameness, and social withdrawal. As a result, people are discouraged from leaving their homes
for casual walks, and are less willing to reach out for social support even if their health is in critical condition.
●
Food desert:
There appears to be a lack of resources in the neighborhood, so accessibility to healthy produce is
compromised. Hence, people are discouraged from pursuing a healthier diet, and stick to fast food take out and eating
out.
●
No fitness facilities within walking distance:
Since there are no visible fitness centers nearby, people who want to work
out drive to facilities beyond walking distance. This reinforces the allure of a sedentary lifestyle, and discourages
people from exercising.
b. Describe
three
improvements in the design/planning of this setting to foster greater physical
activity or healthier food consumption? These improvements cannot simply be changing the
problems listed in part a. Link each of these improvements to research from class.
c. Take one of your improvement ideas from section b. and generate hypothetical data
that illustrates a person by environment interaction for adults and children. Use a
table/graph to display your hypothetical data and remember to accurately label
table/graph. Explain why your data provide evidence for a person X environment
interaction.