STEM185 WK2 ESSAY
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American Military University *
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STEM185
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History
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Dec 6, 2023
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The 18th century saw the start of the Industrial Revolution, the rise of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution are some of the factors that historians have recognized as contributing to the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of industrialization was largely dependent on capitalism. Laissez-faire capitalism is the name historians give to the type of capitalism that was prevalent during the Industrial Revolution. "Simply put, laissez-faire translates to “leave us alone” meaning that the government should remain out of the economy and instead allow individuals to freely carry out their own economic affairs." (Beck 2017) Adam Smith a Scottish economist is credited with creating the principles of capitalism in his 1776 book "Wealth of Nations." He questioned
the role of the government in economics in the book. Smith promoted the concept of the "invisible hand" as an alternative to mercantilism and government regulation of the economy. The belief that markets factors such as supply, and demand should govern a nation's economy is known as the "invisible hand." The Industrial Revolution was brought about by capitalism because industrialization required substantial labor and investment from people rather than just the government. The extraction of minerals like coal, which were essential to the industrialization processes, was the second major factor in
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Because it powered the steam engines used in trains, ships, and other types of machinery, coal was an essential component of the industrial process. The impact of European Imperialism was the next significant factor that contributed to the Industrial Revolution's development. Imperialism as a concept was associated with the expansion of industrialization even if it was not a direct cause of the start of the Industrial Revolution. “Imperialism is generally defined as when
one nation controls another’s region through military, political or economic control. …. During this period, which historians refer to as the Age of Imperialism, large sections of the world came under European control, including North America, South America, Africa, India, Australia, and China. “(Beck 2017). The extraction of minerals like coal, which were essential to the industrialization processes, was the second major factor at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Because it powered the steam engines used in trains, ships, and other types of machinery, coal was an essential component of the industrial process. “The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects created by the Agricultural Revolution.” (Beck 2017). The revolution helped raise the population of European societies and increased food production. This resulted in a vast workforce that could be used in industrial towns and cities. The idea that the Industrial Revolution and the development of contemporary science were intimately related has long been accepted as common sense. Since technology is mostly applied science and industrial advancement is largely technological, it appears that the Industrial Revolution was a natural outcome of the Scientific Revolution. “What science offered in the 18th century was the hope that careful observation and experimentation might improve industrial production significantly.” (Williams). The steam engine is an illustration of a machine developed during the industrial revolution with help from science. By producing a vacuum inside a piston and using air pressure to force the piston downward, the first steam engines. operated. A prescientific experimenter would not have realized that this was possible. In the 16th and 17th centuries, scientists studied the vacuum's characteristics. In the late 1600s, Denis Papin showed the
Royal Society how a vacuum might be used to move a piston. “Steam engines were used in factories, mills, and transportation including trains and steamboats.” (Ducksters). This is one of many scientific theories, discoveries, and inventions that were discovered during the scientific revolution that played a part during the industrial revolution. Powered machinery usage grew widespread during the Industrial
Revolution, and the phrase "industrial civilization" was coined. Electricity, according to McClellan and Dorn, might take the place of Industrial Civilization. Dorn and McClellan assert that there are multiple facets to industrial society. It is a network of institutions that spans the social, political, and economic spheres. When it comes to social concerns, the application of reason and science is integrated with organizational and technical advances. In summary in this paper, we spoke about the development of capitalism as an economic philosophy, which aided affluent people in starting their own firms, and was the first major factor. The spread of European imperialism around the world was the second significant driver. By conquering other continents, European nations gained access to vital resources and expanded their markets for the sale of commodities made in their factories. The Agricultural Revolution was the Industrial Revolution's final cause. The revolution helped raise the population of European societies and increased food production, this resulted in a vast workforce that could be used in industrial towns and cities. We also discussed how scientific theories play a role in these inventions. Last we spoke about the main features of what McClellan and Dorn call "Industrial Civilization”. Operated. A prescientific experimenter would not have realized that this was possible. In the 16th and 17th centuries, scientists studied the vacuum's characteristics. In the late 1600s, Denis Papin showed the Royal Society how a vacuum might be used to move a piston. “Steam engines were used in factories, mills, and transportation including trains and steamboats.” (Ducksters). This is one of many scientific theories, discoveries, and inventions that were discovered during the scientific revolution that played a part during the industrial revolution. Powered machinery usage grew widespread during the Industrial Revolution, and the phrase "industrial civilization" was coined. Electricity, according to McClellan and Dorn, might take the place of Industrial Civilization. Dorn and McClellan assert that there are multiple facets to industrial society. It is a network of institutions that spans the social, political, and economic spheres. When it comes to social concerns, the application of reason and science is integrated with organizational and technical advances. In summary in this paper, we spoke about the development of capitalism as an economic philosophy, which aided affluent people in starting their own firms, and was the first major factor. The spread of European imperialism around the world was the second significant driver. By conquering other continents, European nations gained access to vital resources and expanded their markets for the sale of commodities made in their factories. The Agricultural Revolution was the Industrial Revolution's final cause. The revolution helped raise the population of European societies and increased food production, this resulted in a vast workforce that could be used in industrial towns and cities. We also discussed how scientific theories play a role in these inventions. Last we spoke about the main features of what McClellan and Dorn call "Industrial Civilization".
References:
Elias Beck. (June 15, 2017) History Crunch: “Causes of the Industrial Revolution”
https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-industrial-revolution.html#/
L. Pearce Williams . Britannica: “The 20th-century revolution”
https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-science/The-founding-of-modern-biology
Author unknown. Ducksters: Industrial Revolution-Steam Engine
https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/steam_engine_industrial_revolution.php
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