AP World History Notes

Preview: ● Mesopotamian Religion - Mesopotamians were polytheists. They worshipped many different gods connected to nature and to particular aspects of life. ● A Social Pyramid - Mesopotamian society was organized into a social pyramid. Your place on the pyramid was determined by your work. Most people stayed at the level they were born at for their entire lives. ● A Series of Conquests - Mesopotamia was a rich land that many people sought to conquer. Key Ideas - Mesopotamian Religion ● Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations to have an organized religion. Their religion helped to shape their society and culture. ● Mesopotamian city-states build ziggurats to worship their gods. ● Mesopotamians believed that their kings were chosen by the gods. ● To keep the gods and goddesses happy, Mesopotamians left offerings, or gifts, for them. ● The gifts were also given to ask the gods to send blessings. A Series of Empires ● The Assyrian Empire was the largest of the four empires. The Assyrians conquered other lands easily, but they had difficulty controlling their vast empire. ● The Neo-Babylonian Empire replaced the Assyrian Empire. Although it was not as large as the Assyrian Empire, it was still very powerful. Conquering Mesopotamia ● Because Mesopotamia had rich agricultural land and a lively culture, many different empires conquered it. ● Each empire had an effect on the culture of Mesopotamia while also adopting certain parts of Mesopotamian culture. Egypt Unification of Egypt ● Early Egypt was divided into two kingdoms ○ Upper Egypt ○ Lower Egypt ● Egypt was united in 3100 BCE by Menes ○ Made Memphis the capital ○ Established the first dynasty

● Good rulers kept their power ● Poor rulers could lose their power Philosophy ● Investigation of how the world works Confucius ● Born during the Zhou dynasty ● Witnessed constant fighting and decay of imperial rule and human morality ● Devoted himself to teaching the key to social harmony ● Died thinking he was a failure Education ● Essential to one’s character and morality ● Civil service exams ensured that leaders were well educated ○ Used from the Han dynasty until abolishment in Qing dynasty Government ● People are inherently good, but need someone to show them how. ● Good leaders would set the example for others to follow. ● Establish bureaucracy - departments that ran the government 5 Basic Relationships Superior Subordinate Ruler Subject Father Son Husband Wife Older bro Younger bro Friend Friend Believed one should always defer to the person in the superior position. This would help maintain social order and harmony. Filial Piety - respect to parents during life and honoring memory once dead. Virtues of Man ● These 5 virtues would make the ‘perfect gentleman’: ○ Ritual, etiquette ○ Honesty ○ Trustworthiness ○ Compassion

Rights of slaves ● Laws protected slaves from mistreatment ● Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and purchase their own freedom ● A freed slave could reach high office in the community Rights of Women ● Had fundamental rights ● In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions ● Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs Fall of Phoenicia ● 539 BCE - Phoenicia is conquered by Persian King Cyrus the Great ● Phoenicians required to pay large tributes to Persian Kings ● Caused rebellions ● 333 BCE - Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia ● Phoenicia did not resist his rule, until he tried to take the temple at Tyre ● Tyre was put under siege, fell after 7 months - people put into slavery Hellenistic Phoenicia ● Phoenicians took in Greek influences ● After Alexander’s death (323 BCE), Phoenicia ruled by Greek generals ● 40 years of conflict ended with Roman invasion GREECE ● Population grew and people began to form city-states, ports, harbors, and colonies throughout the Mediterranean. ● Through trade and colonization, Greek culture and ideas spread throughout the Meidterranean from Spain to Egypt. ● Doric columns, ionic columns, corinthian columns ● As Greek city-states developed, different government systems arose. Rivalries between city-states also arose, the most famous being between Athens and Sparta. The Persian Wars ● Began in 546 BCE when Persian leader Cyrus II conquered the Greek city-states located in Ionia. ● In 499 BCE Ionians revolted against Persian rule but were defeated by Persian leader Darius I. ● A loose alliance of Greek city-states formed and defeated the Persians at the famous Battle of Marathon.

● Qin was a harsh, legalist ruler, but an effective administrator. ○ He reorganized the empire into military districts, and appointed loyal officials to administer them. He also unified the country and centralized the government. ○ Ordered the creation of a standard system of weights and measures, coins, laws, and writing. ○ Used forced labor to connect and extend the Great wall. The Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) ● The Han Dynasty was founded by a peasant leader who overthrew the Qin. ● Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu) eased the harsh legalist policies of the Qin. ● The Han period is considered a golden age; even after the dynasty, the Chinese referred to themselves as the people of Han. ● The most famous Han ruler was the emperor Wudi. ○ Wudi expanded the Silk Road and trade with the West (including the Roman Empire.) ○ He expanded China’s borders to include Korea, Manchuria, and parts of Southeast Asia. ○ He strengthened the economy. ○ Wudi also strengthened the civil service system - in theory, merit was more important than birth ● Han achievements include: paper, watermills, the compass, the seismograph, porcelain, and acupuncture to name a few. India ● The Indian subcontinent is somewhat separated from the rest of Asia, with mountains creating a barrier in the northeast and northwest. ● However, India was more open to outside influence and diverse groups than China. ● India was influenced by Middle Eastern civilizations, including Persia, as well as the Meditteranean world. The Foundations of Indian Culture and Society ● Around 1500 BCE, a nomadic Indo-European group known as the Aryans invaded/migrated into the Indus River Valley. ● Ancient Indian history from the time of the Aryan migration is divided into periods: The Vedic Age (about 1500 - 1000 BCE) and the Epic Age (1000 - 600 BCE) ● Archaeologists and historians believe that the Aryans may have encountered and absorbed the Indus River Valley civilization. ● \As the Aryans settled down to agriculture, political structure became based on village organization, with village chiefs initially drawn from the leadership of Aryan tribes. ● The Indian caste system began to develop in the Vedic and Epic ages. ● Gradually, ones caste became hereditary, and marriage between castes was forbidden. Hinduism

○ Later Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide The First Emperor ● Octavian accepted the title Augustus ○ Augustus means the “Exalted one” ○ He also kept the title of imperator which means “supreme military commander”, the term Emperor derives from this word. ● Rome was now an Empire ruled by one man. Fall of Rome! ● Many poor Romans found it harder to become educated as the cost of education grew out of reach. ● The immense size of the empire made the distribution of news more difficult. ● As a result, people grew less informed about civic matters. ● Roman soldiers became less disciplined and loyal. ● They pledged loyalty not to Rome, but to individual military leaders. The Civilizations of America ● While classical civilizations were developing in the mediterranean area… ● Other civilizations were developing elsewhere. ● During the Ice Age, prehistoric nomads migrated agross the Bering land bridge between Asia and America ● During the Neolithic Revolution, these nomads settled into farming villages; some of which became advanced civilizations ● The Olmecs are often called the “mother culture” because they incluenced other Mesoamerican societies ● The first American civiliation were people known as the Olmec in an area known as Mesoamerica Mayan Empire ● The Maya lived in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras\ ● Mayans were polytheists who built large pyramids to honor gods - smaller than Egyptian and Kush pyramids but were much more detailed and decorative; contained arches (like the romans) ● Accomplishments of the Mayans: Developed a hieroglyphic-style writing to record astronomical observations, calendar calculations, & historical info. The Islamic World Rise of Islam ● 7th Century

● He said those who fought and died in the Crusades would be promised a spot in Heaven with all sins forgiven. ● And about 30,000 men took up his offer and left western Europe to fight in Jerusalem Why did they Fight? ● There were economic and religious motives for the Crusades. ● For knights, this was a chance to use their fighting skills, something they enjoyed and did well. They were delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight. The First Crusade: ● Unprepared troops ● No strategy ● Captured Jerusalem ● Carved it up into 4 Crusader states Second Crusade (1147-1149) ● Muslim leader Saladin takes control of Jerusalem. Third Crusade ● Richard the Lionhearted = English King and 2 other leaders fail to recapture Jerusalem ● He and Saladin respected each other Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 ● Crusades attack Constantinople instead ● Stole statues, money, paintings and jewelry ● Burned libraries, destroyed churches ● Said they needed money to defend Constantinople from the same fate as Jerusalem and to rescue Jerusalem from Muslims ● People of Constantinople hated the west for sacking their city. Children’s Crusade 1212 ● Thousands of French and German children try to reach Jerusalem ● Believed God would help them because they were children ● Many died of hunger, some froze to death ● When they reached the Mediterranean sea, expected the waters to part for them… they didn’t Effects of the Crusades ● Negatives: ○ Weakened the Byzantine Empire, the Pope, and the nobles ○ Kings become stronger ○ Leaves a legacy of bitterness between the Christians, Jews, and Muslims

● Falling objects fall at a fixed and predictable rate ● Built a telescope ○ Observed that Jupiter has four moons, and that the Sun has dark spots. Francis Bacon ● Formed the scientific method Newton ● Brought together all ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo ● Law of Universal Gravitation ● Three Laws of Motion The Enlightenment ● If scientists could understand the physical world using reason, then they could understand reason through looking at the physical world. ● Reformers set out to study human behavior and solve the political, social and economic problems of society using reason. ● Enlightened thinkers, called philosophes, were concerned with the relationship between government and people. ● Resulted in the move away from absolutism and divine right (religion) and toward democracy and individual rights (secularism.) Thomas Hobbes ● Argued that people are cruel, greedy and selfish - as a result government (law) protects people from each other ● Without government, people would fight, rob, and oppress one another ● Social Contract- an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the government. ● Supported absolute monarchs. ● Wrote about his ideas in The Leviathan Voltaire ● Believed in the freedom of the press and used it to expose the abuses of corrupt political and church leaders. ● Fought for civil liberties - rights/freedoms of citizens ○ Freedom of speech ○ Freedom of religion ○ Separation of Church and State ● Believed that humanity’s worst enemies were intolerance, prejudice and superstition Jean Jacques Rousseau ● Believed that people were naturally good, but were corrupted by s o c i e t y.

● Unequal distribution of property was an especially great evil of society. ● Stressed the importance of the general will- the will of the people as a whole. ● Believed the good of the community should be placed above individual interests- common good . ● Hated all forms of political and economic oppression Rosseau’s Social Contract ● Rousseau wrote The Social Contract where he lays out his ideas of government and society. ● Society places too many limits on people’s behavior - some controls are necessary but should be limited. ● Only governments that had been freely elected should impose law ● Sovereignty (the power to make laws) should be in the hands of the people, and therefore the only good government is a direct democracy. Adam Smith ● Adam Smith was a Scottish economist. ● Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, in which he argues for a free market without government interference. ● He believed that the forces of supply and demand should run the market - whenever there was a demand for goods or services, suppliers would try to meet that demand in order to gain profits. ● Though Smith believed the government should stay out of the economy, he believed that it had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works. ● Laissez Faire Government Enlightenment for Women ● Natural rights were for men only. Though enlightened thinkers said that women had natural rights, they were limited to the areas of home and family. ● Some women were exposed to enlightened philosophy through salons. Prominent and wealthy women would host informal parties where enlightened thinkers could gather and discuss literature, the arts, science, philosophy, and politics. ● Salons allowed Enlightenment ideas to spread- because they were hosted by women, guests were forced to speak in vernacular. ● Mary Astell ○ Wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694) ○ Questioned lack of educational opportunites for women ○ Criticized the unequal relationship between men & women in marriage. ● Mary Wollstonecraft ○ Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) ○ Women need education to participate equally in public life. The Spread of Enlightenment

In addition to salons, the theories of enlightened thinkers spread rapidly through the distribution of pamphlets and books. People began to question the “traditional way” of doing things. Before: ● Absolute monarchs rule by divine right ● Church has authority ● Strict separation between nobles and peasants ● Suffer in life and be rewarded and heaven. After: ● Government should work to protect the people ● Flexible social classes- all people have rights. ● Happiness on earth Censorship ● Not everyone embraced the philosophes ideas- most government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order that had been established by god. ● These leaders waged a ward of censorship- they burned books and imprisoned or exiled enlightened thinkers. ● Enlightened thinkers still found ways for their messages to be heard. Many disguised their ideas in works of fiction. Despite the attempts of the old order, Enlightened thought continued to spread. The Settlement of America ● During the Age of Exploration, Europeans began colonizing in North America. ● England granted joint-stock charters to colonists who were searching for wealth or religious freedom. ● From 1607 to 1733, England established 13 colonies in America; The colonies were very different & lacked unity. Economies and Government in America ● England used mercantilism to control colonial trade and increase their profits. ● Despite these trade restrictions, the colonists made money trading with England. ● England used a policy called salutary neglect which allowed colonists freedom to make their own laws and taxes. ● Americans created their own colonial assemblies and enjoyed self government. The French/Indian War ● For 150 years, colonists were happy with this relationship with England. ● But, everything changed after the French and Indian war.

● In 1754, England & France went to war for 7 years over territory in America. ● In 1763, England won the war & the Treaty of Paris gave England all French lands east of the Mississippi river… ● But the war left England with massive debts. ● To pay off war debts, Britain created a series of new taxes on American colonists. ● The colonists were upset that Parliament in England would pass laws without the colonists’ approval. Enlightenment Again ● Americans were literate and read books by leading Enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke, and used those ideas to justify their protests. ● “People are born with natural rights, including life, liberty, property.” ● “Kings can be overthrown if they violate peoples’ natural rights.” ● “Government power comes from the consent of the governed.” ● British abuses & Enlightenment ideas inspired Americans to declare independence. ● Ben Franklin, John Adams, & Thomas Jefferson served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. Popular Sovereignty ● The framers of the Constitution created a democratic republic, a form of government where the people elect their leaders. ○ The U.S. Constitution was inspired by John Locke’s idea that gov’t power comes from the consent of the governed. ○ The constitution also used Rousseau’s idea of direct democracy because Congressmen and the president are elected directly by the people (majority rule.) Limited Government: ● The founding fathers were afraid of giving the national government too much power so they stated exactly which powers the government had and all other powers were left to the state governments or to the people. ○ Both Locke and Montesquieu shared the idea of limiting government power. ○ Locke believed that a limited government was the only way to protect individual liberty. Separation of Powers ● The Constitution uses separation of powers to divide the powers among three branches. ○ The legislative branch consists of a Congress that makes laws and taxes. ○ The executive branch consists of the president, vice president, and bureaucracy that enforces laws passed by Congress. ○ The judicial branch is the Supreme Court and other federal courts that interpret laws, settle disputes, and decide guilt.

○ This idea was inspired by Montesquieu Capitalism 1. Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations (1776), explained modern Capitalism - means of production and property owned and run by private citizens (not the government.) a. Capitalism based on a laissez-faire government philosophy (let the economy run itself), competition, and profit motive ($), ideas embraced in US & W. Europe. 2. By mid 1800s, socialism developed - government should control economy, redistribute wealth through social welfare programs, embraced by working poor Capitalism: ● Assets owned by private firms ● Income determined by market forces ● Prices determined by supply and demand ● Market incentives encourage firms to cut costs ● Limited taxes/limited government spending ● Health care left to the free market ● Inequality, market failure, monopoly ● Dynamic economy, incentives for innovation and economic growth Socialism: ● Assets owned by government/co-operatives ● Redistribution of income ● Price controls ● Government-owned firms have fewer incentives to be efficient. ● High progressive taxes/higher spending on public services ● Healthcare provided by government free at the point of use ● Inefficiency of state industry, less incentives ● Promotion of equality. Attempt to overcome market failure. Karl Marx and Communism 3. Karl Marx detested capitalism and colonial expansion, believed poor workers needed a violent revolution to gain control of the economy and the means of production. The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto (1848) described Communism - workers collectively own all property/means of production.

Development of Marxism Marx’s economic, social, and political ideas became known as Marxism . Essentially, all world history is a struggle between “haves” (the oppressors) and “have-nots” (the oppressed). Working for Peace ● Europe had been at peace for 30 years. Europe: ● Competition ● Imperialism ● Nationalism Nationalism: Pride in the country Slowly, after the middle ages, people began to develop an emotional attachment to their country. Nationalism grew. Competition: ● The major powers became competitive: ○ Germany ○ Austria-Hungary ○ Russia ○ Great Britain ○ India ○ France Territorial Disputes ● Germany and France ○ France bitter over the loss of Alsace and Lorraine ● Russia and Austria-Hungary ○ Both want to dominate the Balkan Peninsula Imperialism ● Competition For ○ Raw Materials: Gold, coal, iron ore… ● Markets ○ Under-developed countries in Africa and Asia Militarism (the big one) (The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war) Bismarck Isolates France (1879 - Germany Allies with Austria-Hungary)

(1881 - Germany Allies with Russia) (1882 - Germany and A-H Ally with Italy; Triple Alliance) Change in Policy Otto VonBismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm 1890 - Germany’s treaty with Russia lapses 1892 - Russia forms a defensive military alliance with France 1907 - Britain forms an alliance with Russia Europe is divided into 2 camps, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente A dispute between any two countries could pull all the other countries into a continental war. Germany was the best country in the in=dustrial revolution The Powder Keg of Europe On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, was visiting Sarajevo, a city located in the former Bosnian region. REMEMBER: Bosnians wanted to be an independent nation from Austria-Hungary. Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, fired into the Archduke’s car, fatally wounding the Archduke and his wife. Forty-eight hours after the assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. This set off a chain reaction of European countries joining the war. Russia mobilized to help defeat Serbia. Germany invaded France because of France’s alliance with Russia. The Great War ● July 1914 - November 1918 ● Over 100 battles were fought in Europe, Asia, and Africa ● Majority of battles were fought in Europe on the Western front Major Players ● Central Powers ○ Germany

○ Austria-Hungary ○ Ottoman Empire ○ Bulgaria ● Allied Powers ○ Russia ○ Great Britain ○ France ○ Italy ○ Japan ○ US Two Fronts Western Front ● Bordered France, Belgium, and Germany ● Schlieffen Plan: Germany wanted to quickly conquer France before Russia could join the war. ● Germans were stopped before they could take Paris. ● Trench warfare began ● Some of the longest and deadliest WWI battles were fought along the Western Front. Eastern Front ● Bordered Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary ● Too Large for trench warfare ● Russians never took Germany The Battle of Tannenberg August 23-30, 1914 Near Allenstein, today it’s called Olsztyn in Poland Germany ● Troops: 166000 ● Casualties: 12000 Russia ● Troops: 206000 ● Casualties: 150000 Germany won. Outcomes: ● Russian army never entered German lands again over the course of the war. ● Germans proved that they were a strong army that could defeat larger opponents. First Battle of The Marines France and Great Britain beat Germany Germany had more troops and less casualties

● Paris was safe from Germany. ● Germans retreated and dug trenches, start of trench warfare which would last for four years Battle of the Somme July 1 - November 18, 1916 Near the Somme River in northeast France Bloodiest battle of WWI France and Britain VS Germany - Nobody won Germany had more troops and less casualties Why do some consider this battle a failure? ● Great Britain bombarded Germany with over 1.6 million trooops. ● Bloodiest day in British history took place during this battle US Joined war due to sinking of the Lusitania. ● British Ocean liner ● 2000 civilians on board, 159 Americans ● Sank by German U-boat torpedo on May 7, 1915 ● About 1200 people died; 128 Americans ● Germany defended its actions claiming the Lusitania was in a war zone. ● Worldwide support for the Allies grew. Also joined due to Zimmermann Telegram ● January, 1917: German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent a secret telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico ● Asked Mexico to ally with Germany ● Germany would help Mexico recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona ● Intercepted and decoded by the British ● US President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany Treaty of Versailles Regulations ● Germany had to accept blame for WWI ● Forced to pay over 50 billion in reparations ● Germany lost territory (Alsace-Lorraine, the “Polish Corridor”, etc) 1933 Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany and wants lebensraum or “living space” around his country.

1. Soviet Satellites are Established ● Satellite = a country that followed the Soviet Union after WWII and became communist, not by choice. ● Soviet U. feared another attack from the west so it established a buffer zone using Eastern European countries. ● Sometimes called “the Iron Curtain” as quoted by Winston Churchill ● Examples of satellites: Poland, Hungary, Romania, East Germany 4. Nuremburg War Trials ● An international court established in German City of Nuremburg to prosecute Nazi war criminals captured at war’s end ● Tried for crimes against humanity ● Nuremburg Principles - defines what a war crime is ● Nuremburg Code - established how future trials would be handled dealing with doctors who used humans as subjects ●