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Group #13, Project #1
From Reconstruction to the end of World War II, African Americans' lives in the United States were significantly transformed for both men and women. Despite the challenges faced by African Americans in the fight for civil rights
and equality, much progress was made in terms of political rights, cultural developments, and social recognition. Era: Reconstruction from 1865 to 1877
Name
of the event: Rise of Black Institutions and Churches- BL
Date
of the event: 1865
Image URL
: https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/11430hpr_a65d4e32faf8808-
1024x776.jpg
Description
: African-American cultural change was shaped by Black institutions and churches from 1865 to 1900. The newly emancipated African-American community relied on these institutions to support community growth and
social harmony. Through their advocacy for knowledge and social justice, they became important centers of education for African Americans. Leadership and political activism were fostered in black churches by rising leaders. These institutions also promoted African-American cultural pride and identity through the creation of arts, music, and literature. As the African-American community expanded, developed, and preserved its cultural heritage,
Black institutions, and churches flourished, leaving a lasting legacy.
Source
: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 438. 2. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/11430hpr_a65d4e32faf8808-
1024x776.jpg
Connections
1) Rise of Black Institutions and Churches- BL to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "As Black institutions and churches
have grown, a supportive environment has been created for African-American cultural emergence, intellectual advancement, and community development. Through their preservation and promotion of African-American culture and history, they contributed to the flourishing of artistic and intellectual expression that occurred during the Harlem
Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance, one of the most significant cultural movements in the history of African Americans, emerged from the rich cultural heritage fostered within these institutions. -BL" Source: Eric Foner, Give
me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 627-629.
Name
of the event: Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG)
Date
of the event: 04/1865
Image URL
: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/e5f8f9ead9e4491886f6b87a996efcb3.jpeg
Description
: The year of 1865 marked the historical period of time known as Reconstruction, a word that signified the rebuilding of a shattered nation. The end of the four year long Civil War between the North and the South also meant the end of slavery nationwide. African Americans for the first time in nearly ninety years were free from the subjugation of slave life, but that did not essentially mean they had complete freedom like their white neighbors. It took many years after emancipation for African Americans to have the same rights and opportunities as other Americans. In his 1865 speech “What the Black Man Wants,” former slave and famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass offers words for the grievances of black men during this time. To the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, he demands voting rights and civil equality for Black Americans: “What I ask for the Negro is not benevolence, not pity, not sympathy, but simply justice.”
Source
: “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants.
Connections
1) Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG) to Texas Black Codes (KG), "These two events are
significant in Postbellum American history. While Black Americans were still fighting for complete freedom and autonomy following emancipation, White Americans (mostly in the South) were strongly fighting against their assimilation into free America. In Douglass' speech, when referring to freed Black men he states "The American people have always been anxious to know what they shall do with us..." which he replies "Do nothing with us!... All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Let him alone!" All Blacks wanted was the freedom that White people had been granted for years. But the South was insistent on continuing the inferiority of Blacks. Instead of the freedom to vote, to hold office, to be on a jury, and so on, the exact opposite was done. -KG" Source: BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-
history/1866-texas-black-codes/. “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants.
Name
of the event: Texas Black Codes (KG)
Date
of the event: 1866
Image URL
: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/f97655c31f8341bb987bafbaa2280b93.jpeg
Description
: White Americans in the South were determined to hinder any social or political progress made by Black Americans following the Civil War. In the 1866 Constitutional Convention, Texas was one of the many states that implemented Black Codes as an attempt to restrict the freedom and autonomy of African Americans. The written and adopted legislation limited certain basic rights, including the right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, marry whites, and providing public land to blacks. Employers were also given the right to lower wages of an employee guilty of certain crimes and to impose corporal punishment to force an apprentice to work. Black Codes were one of the many ways Southern states tried to mirror Antebellum South and restore slavery. Source
: BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1866-texas-black-codes/.
Connections
1) Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG) to Texas Black Codes (KG), "These two events are significant in Postbellum American history. While Black Americans were still fighting for complete freedom and autonomy following emancipation, White Americans (mostly in the South) were strongly fighting against their assimilation into free America. In Douglass' speech, when referring to freed Black men he states "The American people have always been anxious to know what they shall do with us..." which he replies "Do nothing with us!... All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Let him alone!" All Blacks wanted was the freedom that White people had been granted for years. But the South was insistent on continuing the inferiority of Blacks. Instead of the freedom to vote, to hold office, to be on a jury, and so on, the exact opposite was done. -KG" Source: BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-
history/1866-texas-black-codes/. “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants.
Era: Gilded Age from 1877 to 1900
Name
of the event: Dispatch from a Colored Farmers’ Alliance (LH)
Date
of the event: 1889
Image URL
: https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/12674hpr_2d14eefa641be66-
1024x822.jpg
Description
: With the surge of economic growth during the Gilded Age came a new era of working class revolts. Organizations such as the Knights of Labor and the Farmers' Alliance were formed to help workers support each other and fight for their rights while united. The Colored Farmers' Alliance in the South, although united, experienced outright violence compared to their white alliance counterpart. Due to the "redeeming the white south" mindset many had, there was an increase of violent racist acts in the South. The white citizens wrote a narrative that the African Americans involved in the Farmers' Alliance stores were "ignorant and dangerous" and therefore needed
to be shut down. In Minter City, 1899, white farmers blamed the black members of the alliance for increased prices, and banded together and tracked them down, killing at least 20 men at gunpoint. The South was still divided from other parts of the US, and the excerpt from the paper The Forum discusses how it was ironic that these white farmers
would kill with no remorse in order to protect their nation, yet the National Farmers' Alliance had both black and white members. The situation underscored the fact that racial discrimination still exists, even among those who seek the same cause. In spite of the progress made, racial inequality and racial division remain major problems in the United States.
Source
: The Forum, vol. 9 (New York: Forum Publishing Company, 1889), 716-717
Name
of the event: Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise (CH)
Date
of the event: 09/18/1895
Image URL
: https://media.newyorker.com/photos/5909772a2179605b11ad867c/master/w_1920,c_limit/
090202_r18165_p646.jpg
Description
: The beginning of the 20th century marked the start of a new time in the United States, the Progressive Era. This was a particularly important time for minority groups in America, including African American people. While society began to change, however, there were still apparent limitations on who was a part of that progress. Racism still dominated even within White progressives, but African American progressivism still rose, and with it, many important historical figures who hold much impact and significance even to this day. Booker T. Washington was among the men, one of the most influential spokesmen of the late nineteenth and early 20th century. Born a slave, Washington advocated for African American rights in a new way. Instead of agitating white policies, Blacks should focus on their own economic and social uplift within their own communities. In 1895 he gave a speech come to be known as the “Atlanta Compromise,” detailing his passion and strategy for achieving racial equality: “In all the
things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
Source
: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517. 2. Sanneh, Kelefa. “The Wizard.” The New Yorker, January 26, 2009. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/02/02/the-wizard. Connections
1) Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise (CH) to W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH), "Figures such as Washington were part of the reason DuBois was so charged up. He urged for African Americans to actively fight for equal political and civil rights. This was very different to Washington's more calm approach to uplift within
their own communities. CH" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517. Name
of the event: The National Association of Colored Women (BJ)
Date
of the event: 1896
Image URL
: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445966668833-
46NJ389UCCTA9NJK2B2D/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg?format=1500w
Description
: In the years following the civil war, African American women began to form social clubs and community organizations to promote cultural enrichment and address social issues. Despite being leaders in advocacy, Black women were heavily excluded from white social organizations, which led to the creation of the National Association of Colored Women (NAWC). The National Association of Colored Women was founded in 1896. They aimed to uplift the lives of African Americans and advocate for women’s rights. This organization’s motto was “Lifting as We Climb,” further emphasizing how they played a critical role in empowering women of color in a time of undeniable discrimination. The NACW heavily stressed the importance of education, and they also
worked to provide scholarships for African-American students. The NACW became the largest federation of local Black women’s clubs. This organization played a vital role in encouraging the activism of Black women and acted as a catalyst for social progress. The persistence of this organization played a significant role in the struggle for civil rights and gender equality throughout the 20th century. Source
: 1. Lange, Allison. “National Association of Colored Women.” History of U.S. Woman’s Suffrage, 2015. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacw. 2. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517
Connections
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1) The National Association of Colored Women (BJ) to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "The NACW recognized the cultural expression. They promoted African American arts and creativity which contributed to the Harlem Renaissance. (BJ)" Source: 1. Lange, Allison. “National Association of Colored Women.” History of U.S. Woman’s
Suffrage, 2015. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacw. Era: The Progressive Era from 1900 to 1916
Name
of the event: Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH)
Date
of the event: 1900
Image URL
: https://innocenceproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/32611463115_a322f4f65f_k.jpg
Description
: Ida B. Wells was a journalist and activist leading the anti-lynching campaign in the 1890s. In her excerpt on the Lynch Law in America, Wells argues on how the "unwritten law" of lynching nullifies the lawful procedure of execution. Rather than going through the jury, having a defense, and making an appeal, lynching causes death with no legal premise. "Crimes" that were punished with the "unwritten law" included 'too much' black political power, disagreements over contracts, and protecting ones family. Eventually there was no need to give a reason for lynching, and it turned into "wholesale murder of human beings," states Wells. During this time, the main
spark for lynching was due to assault allegations against black men made by white women. This shows the vast difference in treatment between Black women and white women during the progressive era. For centuries, black women were raped and assaulted by white men but were never able to take action against them. All it took for white women to get justice was to point the finger. Wells brings up how many of these assault cases don't even have evidence against the black men, but in a world (the south of the U.S. specifically) where the white citizens were trying to stay supreme, they would do most anything to feel as if they were in control. In Ida B Wells writing we see the civil rights movement beginning to bloom. Though the African American community had been fighting for their rights since the beginning, the new generation was educated on new levels and begun a movement not just through actions but through words. Wells brings this "unwritten law" into the media more than it had ever been seen before, which caused the reader to have to sit in the shame of what they had been ignoring. Source
: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America," The Arena 23.1 (January 1900): 15-24
Connections
1) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH), "Ida B. Wells and W.E.B DuBois were both very notable advocates for civil rights throughout the early 20th century. Both Wells and DuBois conducted research and dedicated their work to bring awareness to lynching. Both figures played a significant role in the efforts of the NAACP as well. (BJ)" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 522-523
2) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to Anti-Lynching Bill (BJ), "Ida B. Wells was a significant figure in the fight against lynching. She was described as the nation's most prominent "anti-lynching crusader". Her work as a co-founder of the NAACP brought awareness to racial violence and garnered support for anti-lynching legislation such as the Dyer Bill. (BJ)" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 521.
3) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to Executive Order 8802- BL, "In her writing Ida B. Wells calls for
an end to lynching, and how it nullifies the law of right to trial in court. If a white citizen believed a black citizen had committed a crime, the result was often a white mob committing a lynching. This rise in the white supremacy mindset made it even harder than it already was for an African American citizen to be provided an opportunity to defend themselves in court. With the passing of Executive Order 8802 marked the rise of a new era, in which racism
was acknowledged in the political setting not just by word of mouth, but with actual government action. (LH)" Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America," The Arena 23.1 (January 1900): 15-24 "Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry," Milestone Documents, National Archives, accessed July 29, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-order-8802.
Name
of the event: W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH)
Date
of the event: 1905
Image URL
: https://teachingamericanhistory.org/content/uploads/2021/09/417px-WEB_Du_Bois-1.jpg
Description
: W.E.B DuBois was an African American man, most famous for his founding of the Niagara movement, where he gathered black leaders at Niagara Falls and sought to reinvigorate the abolitionist movement. In his own words which he wrote in the group’s manifesto, “We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American.” In 1905, DuBois gave his famous “Niagara Movement Speech” in which he advocated for
a much different approach to leaders such as Booker. T Washington. DuBois directly challenged white supremacy, and urged all Black Americans to fight for equal political and civil rights. In his speech DuBois criticized the so-
called ‘rights that Whites believed they possessed, and urged for the enforcement and recognition of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. He preached that African Americans are just as human as Whites are, and they deserve all the same rights and democratic pleasures. DuBois continued his fight by founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, a civil rights organization which brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices. This included “Bailey v. Alabama (1911), [where] the Supreme Court overturned southern “peonage” laws that made it a crime for sharecroppers to break their labor contracts.”
Source
: 1. W.E.B. Du Bois. “Niagara Movement Speech”. Speech, 1905. From Teaching American History. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/niagara-movement-speech/ (accessed July 29, 2023). 2. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 594. Connections
1) Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise (CH) to W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH), "Figures such as Washington were part of the reason DuBois was so charged up. He urged for African Americans to actively fight for equal political and civil rights. This was very different to Washington's more calm approach to uplift within
their own communities. CH" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517. 2) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH), "Ida B. Wells and W.E.B DuBois were both very notable advocates for civil rights throughout the early 20th century. Both Wells and DuBois conducted research and dedicated their work to bring awareness to lynching. Both figures played a significant role in the efforts of the NAACP as well. (BJ)" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 522-523
3) W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH) to A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson (BJ), "W.E.B DuBois
was the individual who founded the NAACP, the organization which released the letter to President Wilson to the press and revealed the harsh discriminatory nature of his Presidency. (CH) " Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 594. 4) W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH) to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "Du Bois founded the NAACP, an organization that advocated for African Americans' rights and promoted civil rights. Du Bois was a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance by serving as editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis, which provided a
platform for many Harlem Renaissance writers, poets, and artists to demonstrate their works of art. -BL " Source: "The Crisis Magazine," NAACP, accessed on [insert access date], https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-
explained/history-crisis.
Name
of the event: A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson (BJ)
Date
of the event: 08/15/1913
Image URL
: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/earlyyears/Assets/na0036p1_enlarge.jpg
Description
: Despite the progress made through advocacy in the progressive era. During Woodrow Wilson's presidency, African-Americans' lives were further characterized by racial discrimination, segregation, and violence. Wilson and his administration implemented policies that perpetuated racial inequality. In 1913, Wilson introduced segregation into the federal government. Black federal employees were subjected to unequal treatment, made to use different restrooms and cafeterias, and some were fired on fictitious claims. In retaliation to Wilson's blatant discrimination, the NAACP released an open letter to the press to condemn the administration's actions. This letter firmly expressed opposition to the discriminatory policies reinforced by Wilson. It states that no federal government has ever "discriminated against its civilian employees on the ground of color." The 1913 letter advocated for the fair and equal treatment of Black Americans within the workplace and served as a call for civil rights. With this letter, the NAACP warns the administration that such policies have the potential to limit the "possibilities of promotion" for Black workers and bind to them subordinate routines that do reflect their work ethic or intelligence. While Woodrow acknowledged this letter, he was very dismissive of the plight of African-Americans. His dismissive attitude was reflective of the racial tension of the times. Prevalent African-American advocate W.E.B DuBois and
Oswald Garrison Villard, the chairman of the NAACP board, signed off the letter. The letter ends by petitioning Wilson to prevent the "gross injustice" caused by his policies despite his initial "desire to aid those now discriminated against." While the letter did not receive an immediate impact, it symbolized a crucial step in the fight
for racial equality in the United States. Source
: 1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on
Federal Race Discrimination, August 15, 1913. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP 2. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 593.
Connections
1) W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH) to A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson (BJ), "W.E.B DuBois
was the individual who founded the NAACP, the organization which released the letter to President Wilson to the press and revealed the harsh discriminatory nature of his Presidency. (CH) " Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 594. 2) A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson (BJ) to Executive Order 8802- BL, "There is a strong interconnection between the NAACP's "Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on the issue of federal race discrimination" and Executive Order 8802, which is part of the history of civil rights in the United States. This letter advocated eliminating racial discrimination in the workplace and laid the groundwork for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination against races in the defense industry. This executive order is a significant step towards meeting the need for racial equality expressed in the letter. Even though they are decades apart, they are symbolic of the ongoing struggle and the gradual progress toward racial justice that has taken place. -
BL" Source: 1. "Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry," Milestone Documents, National Archives, accessed July 29, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-
order-8802. 2. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on Federal Race Discrimination, August 15, 1913. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP.
Era: World War I from 07/28/1914 to 11/11/1918
Name
of the event: Anti-Lynching Bill (BJ)
Date
of the event: 04/1918
Image URL
: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/ppmsca/09700/09705v.jpg
Description
: In April 1918, Congressman Leonidas Dyer, a white Republican from Missouri, introduced an anti-
lynching bill to Congress. The bill aimed to make lynching a federal crime and called for the prosecution of those responsible or failed to prevent the act. Dyer was deeply disturbed by the increased racial violence throughout the South as he represented a predominantly Black district. The bill was based on a 1901 NAACP draft. The NAACP played a crucial part in the documentation and awareness of lynching throughout the country. The bill demanded that lynchers face penalties and sought financial compensation for the heirs of the victim. The anti-lynching bill, or Dyer Bill, was passed by the House of Representatives on January 26, 1922. Despite this small success, the bill was blocked in the Senate due to a filibuster by southern Democrats seeking to uphold racial discrimination. Although lynching was not outlawed, the bill signifies a critical stage of the anti-lynching movement. The debate over the bill in the Senate raised awareness for the cause and advanced the fight for civil rights. The failure of the Dyer bill did not deter civil right activist; they continued their against violence throughout the 20th century. The bill would go to lay the foundation for future anti-lynching legislation. Source
: 1. L.C. Dyer.1918. Federal law against Lynchings. Speech delivered in the House of Representatives, May 7, 1918. //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj255 2. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 520.
Connections
1) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to Anti-Lynching Bill (BJ), "Ida B. Wells was a significant figure in the fight against lynching. She was described as the nation's most prominent "anti-lynching crusader". Her work
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as a co-founder of the NAACP brought awareness to racial violence and garnered support for anti-lynching legislation such as the Dyer Bill. (BJ)" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 521.
Name
of the event: The Harlem Renaissance- BL
Date
of the event: 1920
Image URL
: https://www.phillipscollection.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Primary Source 48_2.jpeg
Description
: A cultural and intellectual movement flourished in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City during
the 1920s and 1930s, known as the Harlem Renaissance. This revitalization of the African-American arts and literature provided African Americans with a platform for expressing their experiences, dreams, and frustrations, as well as challenging stereotypes and asserting cultural identities within communities. The movement involved both women and men artists, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Claude McKay, Langton Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston, Duke Ellington, and Josephine Baker. As one of the leading figures of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes used poetry to capture the essence of the African American experience. 'Harlem' illustrates many of the themes and emotions of the era in which the poem was written. To convey the essence of the Harlem Renaissance, he uses powerful metaphors and vivid imagery. In addition, it allows readers to gain an understanding of their frustrations and dreams. As an example, the line “What happens to a dream deferred?" illustrates the fact that African Americans
were still facing various struggles regarding racial equality and freedom throughout that time. It examines the consequences of deferred dreams, which represent the aspirations and hopes of African Americans seeking equality and recognition. Social unrest is implied by the poem's closing lines if grievances remain ignored. Ultimately, "Harlem" captures African American emotions and struggles during the Harlem Renaissance, helping to shape a new narrative of identity and resilience. The Harlem Renaissance provided African Americans with the opportunity to showcase their talents and creativity while challenging societal norms and laying the foundation for future civil rights activism. Source
: 1. Langston Hughes, "Harlem" (also known as "Dream Deferred"), in Selected Poems of Langston Hughes (New York: Vintage Classics, 1990), 53. 2. https://www.phillipscollection.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Primary
%20Source%2048_2.jpeg Connections
1) Rise of Black Institutions and Churches- BL to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "As Black institutions and churches
have grown, a supportive environment has been created for African-American cultural emergence, intellectual advancement, and community development. Through their preservation and promotion of African-American culture and history, they contributed to the flourishing of artistic and intellectual expression that occurred during the Harlem
Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance, one of the most significant cultural movements in the history of African Americans, emerged from the rich cultural heritage fostered within these institutions. -BL" Source: Eric Foner, Give
me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 627-629.
2) The National Association of Colored Women (BJ) to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "The NACW recognized the cultural expression. They promoted African American arts and creativity which contributed to the Harlem Renaissance. (BJ)" Source: 1. Lange, Allison. “National Association of Colored Women.” History of U.S. Woman’s
Suffrage, 2015. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacw. 3) W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH) to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "Du Bois founded the NAACP, an organization that advocated for African Americans' rights and promoted civil rights. Du Bois was a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance by serving as editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis, which provided a
platform for many Harlem Renaissance writers, poets, and artists to demonstrate their works of art. -BL " Source: "The Crisis Magazine," NAACP, accessed on [insert access date], https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-
explained/history-crisis.
Era: The Twenties from 1920 to 1932
Era: The Great Depression from 1929 to 1939
Era: World War II from 09/01/1939 to 09/02/1945
Name
of the event: Executive Order 8802- BL
Date
of the event: 1941
Image URL
: https://www.archives.gov/files/doc-072-big.jpg
Description
: In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 relating to the treatment of black people in the defense industry. There was no doubt that this was one of the most significant political actions taken during World War II, which addressed racial discrimination in the military and the defense industry as a whole. This order prohibited the discrimination of employees and contractors in defense-related employment and contracting based on race, creed, color, or national origin. The decision was made as a result of pressure coming from civil rights leaders and organizations, along with the growing Double V campaign, which demanded victory over fascism abroad as well as victory over racism at home. Executive Order 8802 has been referred to as one of the most significant steps in the fight for civil rights in recent history, as it was the first official action taken by the federal government against workplace discrimination. This was a significant advance for civil rights, as it opened countless opportunities for people of color and other minorities to contribute to the war effort. It also provided a model for other industries to follow, eventually resulting in a wider acceptance of equal rights throughout the industry. By emphasizing the role of political action in advancing equality and justice for African Americans in the United States, this order provided a precedent for future civil rights measures. Source
: 1. "Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry," Milestone Documents, National Archives, accessed July 29, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-order-8802. 2.
https://www.archives.gov/files/doc-072-big.jpg Connections
1) Ida B. Wells on Lynch Laws in America (LH) to Executive Order 8802- BL, "In her writing Ida B. Wells calls for
an end to lynching, and how it nullifies the law of right to trial in court. If a white citizen believed a black citizen had committed a crime, the result was often a white mob committing a lynching. This rise in the white supremacy mindset made it even harder than it already was for an African American citizen to be provided an opportunity to defend themselves in court. With the passing of Executive Order 8802 marked the rise of a new era, in which racism
was acknowledged in the political setting not just by word of mouth, but with actual government action. (LH)" Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America," The Arena 23.1 (January 1900): 15-24 "Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry," Milestone Documents, National Archives, accessed July 29, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-order-8802.
2) A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson (BJ) to Executive Order 8802- BL, "There is a strong interconnection between the NAACP's "Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on the issue of federal race discrimination" and Executive Order 8802, which is part of the history of civil rights in the United States. This letter advocated eliminating racial discrimination in the workplace and laid the groundwork for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination against races in the defense industry. This executive order is a significant step towards meeting the need for racial equality expressed in the letter. Even though they are decades apart, they are symbolic of the ongoing struggle and the gradual progress toward racial justice that has taken place. -
BL" Source: 1. "Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry," Milestone Documents, National Archives, accessed July 29, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/executive-
order-8802. 2. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on Federal Race Discrimination, August 15, 1913. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP.