GROUP #13_ PROJECT 2

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GROUP #13, PROJECT 2 In the middle of the 20th century, the Civil Rights Movements were the epoch of transformation in the lives of African Americans, both men and women, as they challenged the system of institutionalized racism that had defined their lives by peaceful protests and legal actions. The movement affected African Americans at many levels, reshaping cultural norms, political landscapes, and social dynamics. Nevertheless, the struggle for civil rights continues, particularly in the area of social justice. Era: Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 Name of the event: Brown v. Board of Education - CH Date of the event: 05/17/1954 Image URL : https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/brown-v-board-of-education-gettyimages- 517350944.jpg?width=1920&height=960&crop=1920%3A960%2Csmart&quality=75 Description : The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education arose after Thurgood Marshall brought NAACP support to parents protesting against unfair school policies surrounding segregation. Schools for Black children often did not have running water, indoor toilets, or public transportation offered to transport kids to and from school. Five cases were combined and reached the Supreme Court in 1952, where it was named Brown v. Board of Education after Oliver and Linda Brown. The Browns sued the board of Topeka, Kansas to admit their daughter--who was in the third grade--to a white school so she wouldn't have to cross dangerous railroad tracks every morning to get to school. Marshall took this case as an opportunity to attack the "separate but equal" doctrine itself. He--as did many other Americans--spoke of how innately unequal segregation was as it implied one group of people were unfit to be associated with others. This, along with the noted hypocrisy of segregation due to the United States preaching concepts of freedom, justice, and democracy, led to Chief Justice Warren's announcement to the decision: segregated schooling would be dismantled. While Brown did not end segregation altogether, it instilled a wave of hope that discrimination would soon fade, and marked Warren as an active agent of social change in the Supreme Court. Source : 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 755. 2. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka Connections 1) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Jackie Robinson's Letter to Pres. Eisenhower - KG, "Following Brown v. Board of Education, many people were against integration, especially in the South, and in some places school integration took years to actually happen. There was a wave of “massive resistance” both culturally and politically in the country, like in Prince Edward County, Virginia where schools were closed for nearly six years. “”White flight” also described White families that would move to suburban areas that were more ethnically homogenous. The road to integration would be a decades long battle, and to this day a number of American public schools face de facto segregation. - KG" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 755. 2) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Ruby Bridges' and School Desegregation - LH, "With the passing of Brown v. board of Education led to discussions and hearings in different counties on how to desegregate schools. It sent a wave a positivity through the nation, with black citizens fighting and planning in the NAACP on how and when they would desegregate schools. Often times, as in the case with Ruby Bridges, students would take a test to see if they could start at the formally all white schools. LH" Source: 1) https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v- board-of-education-of-topeka 2) Rachel Ozanne, “The Civil Rights Movements” History 315L: The United States Since 1865 (class lecture, University of Texas at Austin) 3) Foner, Eric, 1943- author. Give Me Liberty! : an American History. New York :W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. 3) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Civil Rights Act of 1964- BL, "The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expanded upon Brown's principles, which focused on public education. There is no doubt that Brown began the legal challenge to segregation in schools, but this challenge was expanded to many facets of American society by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which addressed public accommodations, employment, and programs funded by the

federal government. . As a whole, they are symbolic of the significant steps the United States has taken towards racial equality.-BL" 4) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "The Brown v. Board of Education case was almost a spark that ignited a fire concerning civil rights. African Americans had newfound inspiration that segregation would end not only in schools, but within society itself and societal practices. Just as this case alerted the hypocrisy of the "separate but equal" concept, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended discriminatory practices concerning suffrage. (CH)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 777. Name of the event: Rosa parks on Life in Montgomery - LH Date of the event: 1956 Image URL : https://www.womenshistory.org/sites/default/files/styles/3_up_card/public/images/2018-07/ Rosa_Parks_LOC square.jpg Description : These personal notes written by Rosa Parks over the years surrounding her iconic refusal to give up her seat on the bus show the reality of African Americans living in Alabama during the Jim Crow Era. It is a reminder that segregation was a part of American culture, normalizing the double standard that benefitted the white citizen much more than the black citizen. Rosa Parks mentioned how the black community has become "conditioned" to these "unjust practices." She tells of how white people can go into a black church, but not the other way around. The same goes for bus seats, where a black commuter is required by law to give up their seat to a white commuter, but can't even take an open seat in the white section. When reading this journal, one comes to understand how the bus boycott was not a spontaneous movement. It was years, generations in the making; as Rosa Parks says, "I had been pushed around all my life; I couldn't take it anymore" Source : Rosa Parks. Writings, Notes, and Statements, 1956 to 1998; Drafts of early writings; Accounts of her arrest and the subsequent boycott, as well as general reflections on race relations in the South. Rosa Parks Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Available online via Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/item/mss859430226/) Connections 1) Rosa parks on Life in Montgomery - LH to Fannie L. Hamer's Testimony - KG, "The Civil Rights Movement wouldn't be what it was if it weren't for black women. Fannie Hamer and Rosa Parks are just two example of black women who made it known to the world the conditions they had faced and were facing, and led their community with their actions. LH" Source: 1) Rosa Parks. Writings, Notes, and Statements, 1956 to 1998; Drafts of early writings; Accounts of her arrest and the subsequent boycott, as well as general reflections on race relations in the South. Rosa Parks Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Available online via Library of Congress 2) Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, August 3). Fannie Lou Hamer. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer Name of the event: Jackie Robinson's Letter to Pres. Eisenhower - KG Date of the event: 05/13/1958 Image URL : https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/dd654914bdf64a1885d00c007d272da1.jpeg Description : Jackie Robinson was the first African American baseball player to play in the major league and a strong advocate for civil rights for Blacks. His first year playing was in 1947 where he became a national target for racial abuse and struggled to integrate into a previously White-only sport. Nevertheless, he would go on to play for ten years and even be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Robinson continued to support the civil rights movement after he left baseball, advocating for racial integration in every part of American society. In his letter to President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 13, 1958, Robinson responded to the controversy in Little Rock, Arkansas over school integration. The previous September, Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent entry of nine Black students into a high school. The President sent U.S. troops to enforce the integration, but Robinson writes that more action and commitment is needed from the chief executive of the nation. He is upset that Blacks are still asked to be patient in the fight for civil rights, and speaks for every African American when he states “we want to enjoy now the rights that we feel we are entitled to as Americans.” Source : National Archives and Records Administration. (n.d.). A Letter from Jackie Robinson: Civil Rights Advocate. National Archives and Records Administration.

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/jackie-robinson Connections 1) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Jackie Robinson's Letter to Pres. Eisenhower - KG, "Following Brown v. Board of Education, many people were against integration, especially in the South, and in some places school integration took years to actually happen. There was a wave of “massive resistance” both culturally and politically in the country, like in Prince Edward County, Virginia where schools were closed for nearly six years. “”White flight” also described White families that would move to suburban areas that were more ethnically homogenous. The road to integration would be a decades long battle, and to this day a number of American public schools face de facto segregation. - KG" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 755. Name of the event: Ruby Bridges' and School Desegregation - LH Date of the event: 11/14/1960 Image URL : https://www.tampabay.com/resizer//1kCY6OvvoFborZKlcweuGiPkOBU=/900x506/smart/cloudfront- us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/tbt/7UZAVYWHAMI6TBKNIBWI6S7HAY.jpg Description : After Brown v. Board of education ruled that "separate but equal was inherently unequal," hearings began across America on how to handle the desegregation of schools. Hundreds of congressmen saw this ruling as "clear abuse of judicial power," and some counties, such as Prince Edward County in Virginia, went so far as to shut down their entire school system to avoid desegregation. Although the first national civil rights law since reconstruction was passed in 1957, Eisenhower's weak support led to dangerous situations for black students. In 1960, a six year old Ruby Bridges had to be escorted by federal marshals to keep back a crowd of adults and kids yelling threats at her as she walked into school. The image of the small black girl surrounded by a white hateful crowd spread across the nation, inspiring and angering many other parts of America. This story of Ruby is significant because she is still alive today. Desegregation may seem far off, but Ruby is proof that this was not something of the past, and that we still have to work to fix the systematic racism that remains in the American system. Source : 1) Rachel Ozanne, “The Civil Rights Movements” History 315L: The United States Since 1865 (class lecture, University of Texas at Austin) 2) Foner, Eric, 1943- author. Give Me Liberty! : an American History. New York :W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. Connections 1) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Ruby Bridges' and School Desegregation - LH, "With the passing of Brown v. board of Education led to discussions and hearings in different counties on how to desegregate schools. It sent a wave a positivity through the nation, with black citizens fighting and planning in the NAACP on how and when they would desegregate schools. Often times, as in the case with Ruby Bridges, students would take a test to see if they could start at the formally all white schools. LH" Source: 1) https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v- board-of-education-of-topeka 2) Rachel Ozanne, “The Civil Rights Movements” History 315L: The United States Since 1865 (class lecture, University of Texas at Austin) 3) Foner, Eric, 1943- author. Give Me Liberty! : an American History. New York :W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. Era: JFK from 01/20/1961 to 11/22/1963 Era: LBJ from 11/22/1963 to 01/20/1969 Name of the event: Civil Rights Act of 1964- BL Date of the event: 1964 Image URL : https://www.archives.gov/files/milestone-documents/images/doc-097-big.jpg Description : The Civil Rights Act of 1964 represented a decisive response to the long-standing racial injustice and discrimination that plagued the country for many years. The legislation addressed voting rights, public

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accommodations, equal employment opportunities, and desegregation. The purpose of this legislation was to dismantle the entrenched systems of racism and discrimination that had long oppressed African Americans and other minorities by outlawing such practices and developing federal oversight. As a result of its provisions, the act paved the way for further civil rights advances and reshaped the socio-political landscape of the United States. Its legacy of bringing about significant social change continues to this day. As a result, marginalized communities continue to make strides towards equality and justice. Not only did the act eliminate the legal basis for segregation and discrimination, but its provisions also ushered in a cultural shift that challenged prejudiced attitudes and supported broader civil rights understandings. Source : 1. "Civil Rights Act of 1964," National Archives Catalog, accessed August 13, 2023, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/299891. 2. https://www.archives.gov/files/milestone-documents/images/doc-097- big.jpg Connections 1) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Civil Rights Act of 1964- BL, "The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expanded upon Brown's principles, which focused on public education. There is no doubt that Brown began the legal challenge to segregation in schools, but this challenge was expanded to many facets of American society by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which addressed public accommodations, employment, and programs funded by the federal government. . As a whole, they are symbolic of the significant steps the United States has taken towards racial equality.-BL" 2) Civil Rights Act of 1964- BL to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 “prohibited racial discrimination in employment institutions and public-owned accommodations,” it did not address the voting concerns of the civil rights movement. The failure to address such significant concerns lead to the Freedom Summer of 1964. A coalition of civil rights groups heavily promoted voter registration in Mississippi which caused many white college students to drive down from Northern states to participate in the campaign. Freedom Summer would, unfortunately, lead to violence and vote suppression. However, it highlighted the importance of the right to vote as a major concern of the civil rights movement. The events of Freedom Summer garnered federal support for voting rights, ultimately leading to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Freedom Summer, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are interconnected parts of the progress made through efforts from activists and supporters of the civil rights movement. (BJ)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 773-776. Name of the event: Fannie L. Hamer's Testimony - KG Date of the event: 08/22/1964 Image URL : https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/e7cab63505594086ad8490aa95724f65.png Description : Black women played a vital role in the fight for civil rights all while facing the challenges of racism and sexism. They served important roles in leadership and organization, especially through mobilizing people in their local communities and acting as “bridge leaders” to connect those in formal positions of power to everyday people. Though they received little recognition then, and even now with historical accounts of the civil rights movement mostly focused on male accomplishments, they were an integral part of creating a powerful and successful movement. Fannie Lou Hamer was a prominent activist for civil, women’s and voting rights. She joined the Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) where she gained a passion for black suffrage. SNCC would eventually create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to expand black voter registration and challenge the state’s all-white Democratic Party. In August of 1964, Hamer would appear as a member of MFDP before the Democratic National Convention where she shared her story of trying to vote in Mississippi and being arrested. A depressing account of the physical abuse she endured while in jail, she states “all of this on account of we want to register, to become first-class citizens. And if the Freedom Democratic Party is seated now, I question America.” She would eventually become a national party delegate in 1972. Hamer is one of many Black women who made a significant impact on the civil rights movement. Source : Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, August 3). Fannie Lou Hamer. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer Connections 1) Rosa parks on Life in Montgomery - LH to Fannie L. Hamer's Testimony - KG, "The Civil Rights Movement

wouldn't be what it was if it weren't for black women. Fannie Hamer and Rosa Parks are just two example of black women who made it known to the world the conditions they had faced and were facing, and led their community with their actions. LH" Source: 1) Rosa Parks. Writings, Notes, and Statements, 1956 to 1998; Drafts of early writings; Accounts of her arrest and the subsequent boycott, as well as general reflections on race relations in the South. Rosa Parks Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Available online via Library of Congress 2) Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, August 3). Fannie Lou Hamer. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer 2) Fannie L. Hamer's Testimony - KG to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "Black Americans had been fighting for the right to vote since the end of the Civil War, with the 1950's and 60's seeing jim crow laws and violence used to stop this from happening. The Voting Rights Act was significant step in the right direction, legally recognizing this inherit civil liberty. But still today Black Americans are facing a modern form of Black disenfranchisement through limitations on absentee and early voting, stricter voter ID requirements, voter registration restrictions, and other systemic barriers. - KG" Source: Coleman, M., & Hill, D. (2023, July 31). Disenfranchisement and Suppression of Black Voters in the United States. Ballard Brief. https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/disenfranchisement-and- suppression-of-black-voters-in-the-united-states Name of the event: Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ Date of the event: 08/06/1965 Image URL : https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/11/voting-rights-act-gettyimages-615298148.jpg Description : The Voting Rights Act of 1965 represents a significant piece of legislation that had an immense impact on the lives of African Americans. Following the Civil rights act of 1964, which “prohibited racial discrimination in employment institutions,” the voting rights act worked to eliminate discriminatory voting practices. Voting discrimination was particularly prevalent in the southern states, where they used tactics such as poll tax and literacy tests to deter Black voters. By outlawing such practices, the Voting Rights Act ensured that African Americans could exercise their constitutional right to vote. The act's passage represented the first time the civil rights movement received such a “powerful endorsement from the federal government.” Removing these voting barriers allowed more Black politicians to enter various levels of the federal government. It allowed for direct advocacy for policies improving the lives of minority communities. The Voting Rights Act represented a critical point in the fight against racial injustice. It symbolized the federal government’s commitment to lessen racial discrimination and promote progress. Although the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had a significant impact on the lives of African Americans, there have still been recent efforts to suppress voting in minority communities. Voter suppression laws, such as voter ID requirements, specifically target lower-income marginalized communities. Gerrymandering also acts as a form of modern voter suppression by spreading the voting power of small minority communities into multiple small and less influential districts. Source : 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 773, 776-777. Connections 1) Brown v. Board of Education - CH to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "The Brown v. Board of Education case was almost a spark that ignited a fire concerning civil rights. African Americans had newfound inspiration that segregation would end not only in schools, but within society itself and societal practices. Just as this case alerted the hypocrisy of the "separate but equal" concept, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended discriminatory practices concerning suffrage. (CH)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 777. 2) Civil Rights Act of 1964- BL to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 “prohibited racial discrimination in employment institutions and public-owned accommodations,” it did not address the voting concerns of the civil rights movement. The failure to address such significant concerns lead to the Freedom Summer of 1964. A coalition of civil rights groups heavily promoted voter registration in Mississippi which caused many white college students to drive down from Northern states to participate in the campaign. Freedom Summer would, unfortunately, lead to violence and vote suppression. However, it highlighted the importance of the right to vote as a major concern of the civil rights movement. The events of Freedom Summer garnered federal support for voting rights, ultimately leading to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Freedom Summer, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are interconnected parts of the progress made through efforts from activists and supporters of the civil rights movement. (BJ)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me

Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 773-776. 3) Fannie L. Hamer's Testimony - KG to Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ, "Black Americans had been fighting for the right to vote since the end of the Civil War, with the 1950's and 60's seeing jim crow laws and violence used to stop this from happening. The Voting Rights Act was significant step in the right direction, legally recognizing this inherit civil liberty. But still today Black Americans are facing a modern form of Black disenfranchisement through limitations on absentee and early voting, stricter voter ID requirements, voter registration restrictions, and other systemic barriers. - KG" Source: Coleman, M., & Hill, D. (2023, July 31). Disenfranchisement and Suppression of Black Voters in the United States. Ballard Brief. https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/disenfranchisement-and- suppression-of-black-voters-in-the-united-states 4) Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ to Stokley Carmichael's "Black Power" Speech - BJ, "In the line "I knew I could vote all the time and that it wasn't a privilege but my right," Carmichael refers to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In his 1966 speech, Carmichael claims that "every civil rights bill in this country was passed for white people." Through this line, Carmichael showcases confidence in his black identity while acknowledging the reasoning behind civil rights legislation such as the voting rights act. While Carmichael understands the bill's importance, he firmly believes the existence of such a bill works only to make white people comfortable. This speech showed how more thorough civil rights activists perceived the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (BJ) " Source: 1. Stokely Carmichael. “Black Power Speech”. Speech, 1966. From Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african- american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1966-stokely-carmichael-black-power/ Name of the event: Stokley Carmichael's "Black Power" Speech - BJ Date of the event: 10/1966 Image URL : https://www.blackpast.org/wp-content/uploads/prodimages/files/blackpast_images/ Stokely_Carmichael_Garfield_High_School_speech_Seattle_1967.jpg Description : The slogan “Black Power” garnered national attention in 1966 after SNCC leader, Stokely Carmichael, used it during a Mississippi civil rights march. He explained the meaning behind the phrase in his 1966 speech before an audience at the University of California, Berkeley. Throughout his speech, Carmichael firmly condemns white supremacy and its role in shaping how Black Americans were viewed by their white counterparts. Carmichael firmly states that he believes it is time for African Americans to pave their way in the world and prompts white activists to reevaluate how they perceive blackness. Carmichael states that “white people associate Black Power with violence because of their own inability to deal with blackness,” he no longer feels responsible for making people comfortable with their own negative connotations associated with the word “Black.” This speech symbolized a new wave of activism, encouraging Black Americans to take pride in their identity. Through his speech, Carmichael prompted African Americans to challenge systemic oppression and reclaim the power from which they were “deprived for over four hundred years.” The slogan “Black Power” represented a shift from internalized oppression to cultural empowerment in the Black community. Carmichael's speech would inspire groups such as the Black Panther Party, which utilized more militant strategies to uplift black communities. Source : 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 782. 2. Stokely Carmichael. “Black Power Speech”. Speech, 1966. From Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1966-stokely-carmichael- black-power/ Connections 1) Voting Rights Act of 1965 - BJ to Stokley Carmichael's "Black Power" Speech - BJ, "In the line "I knew I could vote all the time and that it wasn't a privilege but my right," Carmichael refers to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In his 1966 speech, Carmichael claims that "every civil rights bill in this country was passed for white people." Through this line, Carmichael showcases confidence in his black identity while acknowledging the reasoning behind civil rights legislation such as the voting rights act. While Carmichael understands the bill's importance, he firmly believes the existence of such a bill works only to make white people comfortable. This speech showed how more thorough civil rights activists perceived the Voting Rights Act of 1965. (BJ) " Source: 1. Stokely Carmichael. “Black Power Speech”. Speech, 1966. From Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african- american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1966-stokely-carmichael-black-power/ 2) Stokley Carmichael's "Black Power" Speech - BJ to Time to Break Silence - CH, "Although Carmichael utilized his 1966 speech to encourage black empowerment while MLK criticized US involvement in the Vietnamese war, both addresses expressed undeniable opposition to injustice within American society. Carmichael and King

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challenged the existing power structures and advocated for radical change in public opinion. The two speeches shared common themes of a call to action, opposition to blatant injustice, and speaking up despite societal norms. (BJ) " Source: 1. Stokely Carmichael. “Black Power Speech”. Speech, 1966. From Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1966-stokely-carmichael- black-power/ 2. Martin Luther King Jr.,"A Time to Break Silence" April 4, 1967 (Riverbend Church, New York). Name of the event: Time to Break Silence - CH Date of the event: 04/04/1967 Image URL : https://media.wnyc.org/i/800/0/l/85/1/1-19-Martin-Luther-King-ftr.jpg Description : On April 4th, 1967, Martin Luther King Jr.--distinguished civil rights leader--gave a speech before more than three thousand at Riverside Church in New York. While this speech was inherently anti-Vietnam war, it also held pro-justice sentiments as MLK linked civil rights to the war. MLK states the irony of watching his fellow Black men die among white soldiers in a country that "has been unable to seat them together in the same schools." So while there is solidarity on the war front, this would never occur in the streets his people live on. King continues to condemn the war as impractical, anti-democratic, and unjust, not to just Americans but also the Vietnamese. Even though the speech drew criticism from prominent liberal newspapers and the NACCP, King continued condemning the war until his death. While some perceived his speech as unpatriotic, it was simply in hopes of enacting peace. MLK was still just as much as an activist for civil rights concerning African American citizens even while being against the Vietnam war. Source : 1. Martin Luther King Jr.,"A Time to Break Silence" April 4, 1967 (Riverbend Church, New York). 2. https://www.wnyc.org/story/time-break-silenhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F %2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2Ftime-break-silence-mlk-casper-citron-show %2F&psig=AOvVaw2KU1AtMDTRKQntdrYcNfNO&ust=1691891396669000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=899 78449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLC3tuCA1oADFQAAAAAdAAAAABARce-mlk-casper-citron-show/ Connections 1) Stokley Carmichael's "Black Power" Speech - BJ to Time to Break Silence - CH, "Although Carmichael utilized his 1966 speech to encourage black empowerment while MLK criticized US involvement in the Vietnamese war, both addresses expressed undeniable opposition to injustice within American society. Carmichael and King challenged the existing power structures and advocated for radical change in public opinion. The two speeches shared common themes of a call to action, opposition to blatant injustice, and speaking up despite societal norms. (BJ) " Source: 1. Stokely Carmichael. “Black Power Speech”. Speech, 1966. From Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1966-stokely-carmichael- black-power/ 2. Martin Luther King Jr.,"A Time to Break Silence" April 4, 1967 (Riverbend Church, New York). 2) Time to Break Silence - CH to Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Riots-BL, "As a major public figure who both inspired and repulsed thousands, King had a target on his back. After his speech "A Time to Break Silence," King even gained criticisms from progressives and those who supposedly supported his ideals. It was his decision to support strikers for higher wages and his involvement organizing a massive march gained attention by his killer, ultimately leading to his death. (CH)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 799. Name of the event: Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Riots-BL Date of the event: 1968 Image URL : https://nmaahc.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/4_3_manual_crop_style/public/images/captioned/mlk- 3.jpg?itok=2vgDGARy Description : On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, marking a tragic turning point in the history of the Civil Rights Movement as well as in American history overall. King had served as a symbol of hope and change for the nation through his tireless advocacy for racial equality and justice, but his untimely death exposed the nation's racial tensions and social divisions. As a result of his assassination, widespread outrage was sparked, resulting in riots and protests throughout numerous cities, which underscored the importance of addressing systemic racism and economic inequality. Beyond its immediate effects, Martin Luther King's assassination highlighted the dangers faced by social changemakers. It left a lasting legacy that continues to motivate efforts to end racial discrimination and advance social justice today.

Source : 1. "April 1968 Washington, DC Riots," Unwritten Record Blog, National Archives, accessed August 13, 2023, https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2023/04/05/april-1968-washington-dc-riots/. 2. https://nmaahc.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/4_3_manual_crop_style/public/images/captioned/mlk-3.jpg? itok=2vgDGARy Connections 1) Time to Break Silence - CH to Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Riots-BL, "As a major public figure who both inspired and repulsed thousands, King had a target on his back. After his speech "A Time to Break Silence," King even gained criticisms from progressives and those who supposedly supported his ideals. It was his decision to support strikers for higher wages and his involvement organizing a massive march gained attention by his killer, ultimately leading to his death. (CH)" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 799. 2) Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Riots-BL to Start of The Black Lives Matter Movement , " In the same way that King's death galvanized a nation to confront racism, Black Lives Matter emerged to address the continued police violence and systems of racism that disproportionately affect Black people. Both of these events demonstrate the urgency of addressing structural inequalities and advocating for meaningful policy changes. BLM represents the modern manifestation of King's impassioned pursuit of racial equity, exemplifying Martin Luther King Jr.'s legacy of continuous, collective efforts.-BL" Name of the event: Start of The Black Lives Matter Movement Date of the event: 07/2013 Image URL : https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/7tMZale0u2J4x0FjZ0cipNpRaHQ=/0x246:5760x3486/1600x900/media/img/ mt/2020/09/h_15413472/original.jpg Description : Despite the efforts of the civil rights movement, the fight against racial injustice within this country is far from over. The Black Lives Matter Movement began in 2013 with the appearance of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media following the acquittal of George Zittman “in the shooting death of African- American teen Trayvon Martin. The BLM movement gained national recognition in 2014 following the street demonstrations in response to the deaths of Micheal in Ferguson and Eric Garner in New York City. BLM is now an “international activist movement that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black.” Much like the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century, the Black Lives Matter Movement is characterized by civil disobedience, youth activism, and the use of media to raise awareness. The civil rights movement laid the historical foundation for the BLM movement as it works to dismantle systemic racism and police brutality in the 21st century. Source : 1. Black Lives Matter BLM. United States, 2015. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0016241/. Connections 1) Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Riots-BL to Start of The Black Lives Matter Movement , " In the same way that King's death galvanized a nation to confront racism, Black Lives Matter emerged to address the continued police violence and systems of racism that disproportionately affect Black people. Both of these events demonstrate the urgency of addressing structural inequalities and advocating for meaningful policy changes. BLM represents the modern manifestation of King's impassioned pursuit of racial equity, exemplifying Martin Luther King Jr.'s legacy of continuous, collective efforts.-BL"

GROUP #13_ PROJECT 2

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