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Nov 24, 2024

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HIST 3991 A2 Name Course Date

Ethnobotanical Evidence for Plant Resource Management on the Northwest Coast Ethnographic literature explains the pervasiveness of plant management techniques among the North-West inhabitants after the European contact, such as cultivation. However, the evidence of pre-contact plant management has been elusive. The indigenous inhabitants of the North-West Coast were hunters and gatherers, and they exploited the natural resources of the Pacific North-West ("Chapter 4: Solving The Perennial Paradox: Ethnobotanical Evidence For Plant Resource Management On The Northwest Coast” 2022). Consequently, this resulted in complexities that resulted from the absence of food production and domestication. Therefore, efforts have been targeted towards explaining the cultural complexities, and these efforts have been specifically focused on the rich marine environments. However, few efforts have explored the ethnobotanical literature to determine the importance of plant resources to the North-West Coast. Therefore, this chapter aims to explain the nature of the people-plant relationship in the North-West Coast. The people of North-West Coat are culturally and linguistically diverse despite sharing several cultural features. These people are distinctive, raising the danger associated with the generalization of their culture and lifestyle. The North-West communities utilized more than three hundred plants as sources of food, medicines, materials, and other spiritual purposes. Therefore, an assessment of the plant management strategies indicated a variance with the species, geographical regions, and activities carried out by these communities, such as selective harvesting, tilling, pruning, and landscape burning. The majority of the plant management strategies in the North-West Coast were targeted towards specific species, representing the fundamental resource management units. Several strategies encouraged the population of plants with cultural utilities. Aboriginal harvesting strategies were based on biological and cultural

considerations since they ensured continuity of the productivity of essential resources. These strategies included selective harvesting based on well-defined criteria and extractive techniques that increased population levels. Selective plant resource harvesting was widely used in plant gathering. However, this technique varied between species and depended on the available plant resources. In addition, the North-West communities employed resource management strategies, such as traditional territory, to influence their productivity and diversities. Reflections on Conservation, Sustainability, and Environmentalism Building on the range of issues presented in this book, it addressed India's environmental knowledge and conservation. Krech explained that the first human beings in North America demonstrated intelligence, ability, flexibility, and self-interest (KRECH 2005). However, criticism arose when Krech was described as more than conventional wisdom over turner. An anthropologist, Nicholas Lemann, believed that Krech had serious, more significant points to make. Ecological, waste, preservation, and natural concepts were anachronistic when applied to Indians. These concepts have offered portraits of native American inhabitants and rejects mythologies that Native and European Americans might embrace. This book raised debate on the relationship between the Native American relationship and the environment. Concerning conservation, this book explained the discrepancies between image and behavior. The North-American Indians possessed an unproblematic knowledge of their environments. These indigenous people have developed familiarity with their environment have regarded it culturally and linguistically sensible. The indigenous people were aware of the natural world, gave names to plants and animals, and used some as their food sources. Research carried out among the indigenous people indicated an increase in knowledge of the natural world. However, environmental knowledge varied due to gender, age, family background,

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exposure degree, commitment, curiosity, and interest in the indigenous cultures. Reincarnation was a widely spread idea in North America due to its antitheticality to conservation. Therefore, the knowledge of nature presented in the book does not provide gentle ways of behaving to the natural world. Ecological Collapses of Ancient Civilizations: The Golden Age That Never Was , Jared showed the relationship between environmental problems and other problems associated with civilization collapse. Therefore, this book explained the importance of taking care of the land. Jared explained that if people failed to take care of their land while there was still time, the world would collapse just like other civilizations (Diamond 1994). Jared defined collapse as the decrease in population size and social and ecological complexities. To present his point, Jared uses Montana to explain the environmental problems that plagued the rest of the United States (U.S) (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2013). For example, the Bitterroot Valley presented a microcosm of the environmental problems that plagued the U.S, such as increasing population size, immigration, and increasing water scarcity. Jared highlighted categories that damaged the environments of the ancient people. Activities such as deforestation, water management problems, overhunting, overfishing, and the adverse effects introduced different species into the communities. Therefore, Jared wrote this book to allow human beings to learn to form the errors they committed in the past. However, minimal studies could explain the strategies of avoiding environmental predicaments that all human societies face. Jared believed there was a risk of continuing environmental damage to a state where existence would be impossible. However, this dilemma has seemed unique due to the consequences of the high modern numbers due to destructive modern technologies. Jared explained that many ancient societies collapsed due to the destruction of their environmental

underpinnings. Therefore, Jared aimed to advise societies to learn from the past and protect their environment to prevent a consequential collapse of the environment. Collapse can result in the complete extinction of human beings over a large area, hence the need to control the past activities that led to environmental degradation, such as overhunting, overfishing, and deforestation that leads to the extinction of some animals and natural environmental inhabitants that protect the lives of human beings. Animals into the Wilderness: The Development of Livestock Husbandry . Indians who practiced animal husbandry received different rewards than those in Virginia. As stated in the statutes, any Indian who brought eight heads of wolves to the county commissioner would be presented with a cow (Anderson 2002). Therefore, Anderson offered an account of the impacts of domesticated livestock on native relations. Anderson appreciated the research carried out by Alfred Crosby, whose research played a critical role in influencing environmentalists' efforts to restore biotic transfers. However, unlike Crosby, who used mechanistic migration of animals, Anderson addressed a more extensive range of cultural issues that improved the relationship between human beings and animals. Consequently, Anderson provided evidence on how the British livestock system was a contention point between settlers and natives. When thinking of the critical people in early American history, there is a need to consider explorers and native Americans. Therefore, as discussed by Anderson, livestock played essential roles in settling the new world since they were the critical factor in the cultural clash between colonialists and Indians. Moreover, livestock was also behind the expansion to the west. Colonialists believed they had provided Americans with a possible realization chance when they

brought animals across the Atlantic. However, the colonialist did not realize the problems associated with free-ranging livestock on the Indians farms. The colonialist’s main target was Indian lands. Consequently, this created tension when king Phillip realized it. This resulted in Phillip’s war and Bacon’s rebellion that would constantly affect the relationship between the colonialists and the Indians. Thus, Anderson used this book to explain how livestock was at the center of the encounters between English colonialists and Indians in the seventeenth century. It was believed that livestock cultivation was essential for controlling new lands and transforming them into private properties. However, this was not the case since colonialists let their animals run wild due to limited labor resources, resulting in conflicts with Indians. Indians attempted animal integration into their worldviews. However, the colonialists had a military. Therefore, through the book, Anderson suggested that the intrusion of livestock would explain the reasons behind Indian violence targeted against settler properties. Indians had a clear understanding of the importance of animals to the colonialists. However, they were angered by plant and crop destruction that resulted from the animals’ movements, hence the conflict with the colonialists. Bibliography

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Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. 2002. "Animals Into The Wilderness: The Development Of Livestock Husbandry In The Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake." The William And Mary Quarterly 59 (2): 377. doi:10.2307/3491742. Diamond, Jared M. 1994. "Ecological Collapses Of Ancient Civilizations: The Golden Age That Never Was." Bulletin Of The American Academy Of Arts And Sciences 47 (5): 37. doi:10.2307/3824451. Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. 2013. "Can A Collapse Of Global Civilization Be Avoided?". Proceedings Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280 (1754): 20122845. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2845 KRECH, SHEPARD. 2005. "Reflections On Conservation, Sustainability, And Environmentalism In Indigenous North America." American Anthropologist 107 (1): 78- 86. doi:10.1525/aa.2005.107.1.078. "Chapter 4: Solving The Perennial Paradox: Ethnobotanical Evidence For Plant Resource Management On The Northwest Coast". 2022. Google Books . https://books.google.co.ke/books? id=1rgYz3fT2_kC&pg=PA101&dq=Chapter+4:+Solving+the+Perennial+Paradox: +Ethnobotanical+Evidence+for+Plant+Resource+Management+on+the+Northwest+Coas t %E2%80%9D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBk6eS8_z1AhXBvKQKHenmD1UQ6AF 6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Chapter%204%3A%20Solving%20the%20Perennial %20Paradox%3A%20Ethnobotanical%20Evidence%20for%20Plant%20Resource %20Management%20on%20the%20Northwest%20Coast%E2%80%9D&f=false .

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