Task 3

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School

Western Governors University *

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375

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History

Date

Jun 22, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by KidIce15657

Gabrielle Carroll Student ID: 010791796 Course: C375 Task 3 A1. Groups of nomadic Muslims moved to the Middle East from Central Asia during the early part of the eleventh century CE. These groups were known as Turks. Many of these groups had served in Islamic armies as mercenaries, where they gained combat experience (Acrobatiq, 2017). The Turks eventually challenged the Byzantine Empire. Around 1830 CE, a Turk tribe known as the Seljuks moved westward. Romanus IV, a Byzantine emperor, led an army to attack the Seljuks. This attack led to the defeat of Romanus IV's army and his death in 1071 CE (Acrobatiq, 2017). A2. One notable method of the Roman Catholic Church to promote the crusades was their religious beliefs. Converting Eastern Orthodox Christians also benefited Roman Catholicism. This gave the pope more power. Noble men, of the Roman Empire, would also be able to claim land and start new kingdoms (Acrobatiq, 2017). Pope Urban II, along with the church, was able to convince the Christians to invade and fight against the Turks, by persuading the Christians that they needed to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Roman Catholics believed that their beliefs would protect them in battle. The church and the pope were able to persuade the Christians that if they were to die in battle they would go straight to heaven. It is difficult to see how the people were convinced to go fight in a war thousands of miles from their homes, where they didn’t know if they would ever see their families again. One thing that made this capable of happening was the use of local priests. Priests like Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless shared the beliefs of the church and spread the Pope’s message. These priests were able to convince the people that fighting in the Crusades was what God wanted them to do. B1. The Umayyad dynasty's methods of expansion were very strategic and were heavily influenced by their religion. Between 661 CE and 680 CE, Mu'awiya served as the governor of Syria. He served just under twenty years. Mu'awiya would use bribery to challenge his enemies, which worked in many instances. During Mu'awiya's reign, he maintained peace and managed to not participate in any civil wars. Mu'awiya's government depended on the previous Byzantine and Sassanid empires, even though his army was devoted solely to him. To transfer power to his son and heir, Yazid I, Mu'awiya made many promises. During Yazid I's short reign, there was conflict from the opposing support, and they rejected his leadership. Husayn, Muhammad's grandson, was a threat because he did not follow the commands of Yazid I. Yazid I demanded that Husayn return home to Medina and Husayn refused. This refusal led to his death. Husayn's death influenced a new culture within Muslim communities, known as martyrdom. The Umayyad dynasty finally stabilized by 705 CE and compromised an interrelated religion between Islamic and Muslim communities. This did not go without mockery from Arab Muslims. Several public buildings and divisions were created throughout the northern parts of Asia and all of the Middle East. These developments were the results of an effective government. Unfortunately, the Umayyad dynasty collapsed due to religious conflicts, wars, and disagreements (Acrobatiq, 2017) The Abbasid dynasty’s methods of expansion were mainly based on the separation of Arab and non-Arab Muslims. A relative of the late Muhammad, Abu al-Abbas, led a very

Gabrielle Carroll Student ID: 010791796 Course: C375 Task 3 successful movement, in 750 CE, to revolt and gain the duty to rule the newly established Abbasid dynasty. Abu al-Abbas gained more power by expanding the empire eastward, where he gained a larger population. Gaining the support of this larger population, resulted in the growth of a larger state, along with the creation of an imperial army. Unlike the Umayyad leaders, the leaders of the Abbasid dynasty believed that their authority and power came from god and that the laws they created were sanctioned by god. Many traditions and daily practices of the Abbasid dynasty were derived from the prime minister of Persia. The Persian Prime Minister developed an administrative command that established a proficient and dependable society. The communities established more freedom without interference and violence due to the change in leadership (Acrobatiq, 2017). B2. Even though both the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties had drastically different views on religion, they both shared the Muslim faith. Arab Muslims and non-Arab Muslims were treated considerably differently under the reign of Mu’awiya, the Umayyad dynasty’s founder. An example of this difference is that non-Arab Muslims were prohibited from holding any authoritative roles in Mu’awiya’s army. There was also a noticeable lack of social fairness between the two dynasties. The majority of rulers in the Umayyad dynasty lived lavishly while the remaining population, along with non-Arabs, lived in poverty. The Abbasid dynasty, however, was very refined and treated their citizen well. The leaders in this dynasty did not believe themselves to be superior to the community and they accepted the religious differences of their people. Non-Muslim citizens were allowed to practice their religion openly, along with being allowed to own their own homes as long as they paid the jizya tax (Acrobatiq, 2017). Politically, the dynasties were notably different. The Muslims of the Umayyad dynasty were known as the Sunni Muslims, while the Abbasid Muslims were called the Shiites. Even though the Abbasid Dynasty was satisfied with previous leaders, Abu al-Abbas was considerably more progressive and redefined the Abbasid military. The capitals of both the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties were located in the capital cities of each of their respective regions, the Umayyad being on the Mediterranean coast and the Abbasid dynasty being located inland closer to Iran. However, the Umayyad Dynasty was located in Damascus and migrated to Baghdad when the Abbasid Dynasty had power (Acrobatiq, 2017). C. The Silk Road linked countries in trading and trade exports. It was originally launched during the Han Dynasty between 130 BCE and 1453 CE. Connected through trade and business exchanges, India, Egypt, and Mesopotamia were the first countries to construct convenient, usable roads. Connecting the West to the East, the intercontinental roadway extended almost four thousand miles. The Silk Road provided a passageway for a variety of missionaries and inventors, along with disease-riddled people. The Silk Road provided the perfect opportunity for diseases, like the bubonic plague, to spread. The bubonic plague, or Black Death, was responsible for killing millions of people. The Silk Road played a significant role in the spread of the Black Death because merchants and farmers would use the Silk Road to transfer goods and animals. Some of these goods consisted of grains, which attracted rats and other vermin. These rats, along with the majority of the animals being transported via the Silk Road, brought with

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