Biomechanics Chapter 4 Edit Wednesday 10.6.21

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Biomechanics Chapter 4 1
• Biomechanics – Application of the principles of mechanics to the living human body 2
New Terms • As with any new study there is lots of new/old terminology. • Use the new terms verbally when ever possible in everyday real life it will help you on the exam • Start and use the joint summary guide posted – Use correct anatomical terminology for joints from now on and muscles that are used – Uses axis and planes when describing movement this entire semester – Naming movements at joints: Use the terms when ever possible 3
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1-4 Kinetics The study of forces causing movement • Internal forces • Examples? • External forces • Examples?
1-5 • What we visually observe • The study of the: • Type of motion • Direction of motion • Quantity of motion • Used to • Identify movement • Predict movement • Coach movement Kinematics
Kinesiology Terminology • Kinetics – Forces seen or unseen that produce or resist movement – Internal/External – Gravity/Muscle tension • Kinematics – Movement without regard for the forces that produce motion or movement – Direction – Quality – Goodness 6
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Movement Directions • Just like we use East, West, North, and South to direct the direction of travel • In the body we use the planes of Saggitial, Frontal, and Horizontal to direct body limb direction travel 7
Cardinal Body Planes • Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts • Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the direct midline • Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts 8
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Axis of Rotation is Perpendicular to the Plane • Like the world rotation • Car tire rotation • Door hinge rotation • Gears turning 10
Axis of Rotation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tX3Y5bz NDiU • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4atpV WLYCk • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5jVJYN m9Tc • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlguCO9 evNY 11
Planes of Movement Axis of Rotation Are Paired Plane of Movement Axis of Rotation Movement Terms Saggital Plane or Midsaggital Plane Medial-Lateral Axis X Axis Flexion & Extension, Plantar Flexion & Dorsi Flexion Frontal Plane Anterior-Posterior Axis Z Axis Adduction & Abduction Transverse Plane Horizontal or Vertical Axis Y Axis Medial &Lateral Rotation Internal & External Rotation Planes, Axis of Rotation, and Movement Always Match! 12
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Planes and movement Sagittal Plane • Divide into right and left sides • Around a medial-lateral (x-axis) • What are some movements? Frontal Plane (also called Coronal ) • Divide into front and back parts • Around anterior-posterior (z-axis) • What are some movements? Horizontal or Transverse Plane • Divides into upper and lower parts • Around longitudinal (y-axis) • What are some movements? 13
Terminology • Naming movements at joints – Flexion, extension, and hyperextension • Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion: (Talocural Joint – Ankle) – Abduction and adduction • Radial & Ulnar deviation: (Radioparpal joint - Wrist) • Lateral Flexion R/L: (Vertebral Column/Intervertebral – Spine) – Medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation • Supination & Pronation: (Proximal Radiounlar joint – Elbow) • Supination & Pronation (Subtalar joint – Ankle) • Inversion & Eversion: (Intertarsal joint – Ankle) 14
Anatomical Position Zero • Zero starting position • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body • Muscle length is neutral any deviation from this position is either shorting or lengthening the resting muscle 15
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Osteokinematics ROM – Used to measure joint range of motion ROM 16
Summary of Major Body Movements • Educational Resource Topic 3 – Summary of All Joints – Muscle Action Table 4.2 • In lab you learn an exercise and the muscles the exercise will target • In 250 lecture you learn the joint motion and the target muscles that are responsible for the movement. 17
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In Class Activity • Muscle Action Table In Class Activity • List 1 or 2 exercises the specifically target each of the 8 joints in the body. • List 2 or 3 exercise variations that specifically isolate and target certain muscle groups in that joint? 19
Open Chain vs. Closed Chain Movements • Closed Chain- movement at one joint will cause movement at every other joint in a predictable fashion – The distal or terminal segment is fixed hand or foot • Open Chain- movement are not subject to constraints… movement at one joint will not cause movement at another joint. 20
Open Chain Movements • Open Chains: combine several joints uniting successive segments – Open Chain (OC) reach for a book on a shelf involves the: scapula, thorax, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, and thumb • Distal segment is free to move example kicking a ball, swing a bat • Daily function or functional activity (Activities of Daily Living ADL) • Segment usually moves faster with higher velocity • Unlimited variability: i.e., shoulder put hand in 19K positions • Highly skilled movements to no skill at all movement • Mobility for stability • Isolated muscle action focus • Single joint lifts in the weight room • Rotational usually 21
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Open Kinetic Chain 22
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Open Kinetic Chain 23
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24 Open Kinetic Chain
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Open Chain Movement Nice Kung-Fu Fight • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBl85N- dHWY • Speed of open chain movements 25
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Closed Chain – Closed Chain (CC) distal segment is fixed (hand/ankle) pushes back and causes proximal segment to move • Proximal segment moves • Pushup, pull up, standing from seated, squat lift, deadlift • Move one segment requires all the other to move in squatting the ankle will cause the other segment to move, • Push up… wrist/hand causes the body to move • Squat… ankle causes the body to move • More co-contraction throughout the entire body • Do not have speed of open chain (no Kung-Fu fighting) • Have the elements of power and strength • Multi-joint strength lifts in the weight room non-rotational action • Summation of rotation produces linear movement 26
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Closed Kinetic Chain 27
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Closed Chain • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEC7X1 FUIg • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M04f7hd BWko • Deadlifts • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukQadJh hzvM • Olympic lifting fails 28
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Pull Up Challenge • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V- 3Bh5iQTG4 Closed Chain • Wrist/hand distal segment is causing • Rotary motion resulting in linear movement – Upward/Downward rotation of scapula – Abduction/Adduction of glenohumeral joint – Flexion/Extension humeralulnar (elbow) – Radial/Unlar deviation of radiocarpal (wrist) 29
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Group Discussion • What are the pros and cons of open and closed chain exercises? • Make a list 30
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Pros and Cons Open/Closed chain Open • Rehab • Isolation and target weak muscles • Isolate with greater range of motion of one muscle • Little learning to perform • Rotation movements • Almost unlimited number of exercises • Can have body part isolation exercise day Closed • Strength • Core • Cannot isolate a weak muscle • Open to compensation by stronger muscles • Requires learning • Demonstrates increased power • Linear movements • Few exercises to perform: pushup, deadlift, bar dips 32
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In Class Activity • Summary of Joint, Action, Plane, Axis, Muscle, and Exercise 33
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Forces 34
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What is force? • Force . ... In physics, a force is an interaction that causes an affected object to be pushed or pulled in a certain direction. • Causes a displacement • This results in an alteration to the state of the object's momentum. • Forces causes objects to accelerate, add to the object's overall pressure, change direction, or change shape. 35
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Forces • Force: – Effect of one object on another object – It can Push or Pull (muscles pull) applied to an object (skeleton) causing acceleration – Units is usually in Newton's (N) Nm – 1 N = 4.4 pounds – Force (cause) Acceleration (effect) – Force that causes rotation is called torque • Skeletal movement tends to be rotation around a joint 36
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Forces • Displacement — motion of a body when force is applied • Force — a push or pull that produces a displacement • Forces have two dimensions – Magnitude: size – Direction: positive if up. – Example: lifting 10 pounds (+) overhead • At equilibrium forces are equal not zero! Tug-of-War the movement is zero if rope not moving 37
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Forces Producing, Controlling, or Altering human movement 1. Magnitude 2. Location where it is applied 3. Direction 4. Duration Frequency 5. Variability 6. Rate 38
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Forces – Types of forces that affect body motion: – Gravity: weight of object, body segment, or body segment- arm has weight, dumbbell, or cast – Muscles: force on bone segment: active contraction or passive stretching – Externally applied resistances: numerous and are whatever the muscles work against: exercise pulley’s, manual resistance, doors, stairs – Friction: resistance to movement between two objects in contact with each other. Can be advantageous calluses on hands or disadvantage if it retards motion, leads to instability if absent 39
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What is Torque? (Force?) • Torque is the twisting force that tends to cause rotation. • The point where the object rotates is known as the axis of rotation. • Torque is the force that cause movement in the body at joints • Both the magnitude of a force and length of its moment arm affect the torque. • Mathematically, torque can be written as T = F * r * sin(theta), and it has units of Newton-meters. 40
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Torque Application – To Open a Door The force must be applied perpendicular to the axis of rotation 41
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Newton’s Laws of Motion • Newton’s laws of motion apply to all human movements 42
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Newton’s Laws of Motion • Law of acceleration – A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, – In the direction of the force and inversely proportional to the body’s mass • Force = mass (X) acceleration 43
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Force of golf club head 44
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Newton’s Laws of Motion – Newton’s First Law: Inertia • A body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion, until acted on by an outside force. • Inertia is the reluctance of a body to change its current state. • F 0 45
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Newton’s Laws of Motion – Newton’s Second Law: Acceleration • Acceleration is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body. • The rate at which an object changes velocity (speed and direction) is determined by two variables: the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object a F m 46
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Newton’s Laws of Motion – Newton’s Third Law: Action -Reaction • For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force . • When an object exerts a force onto another object the contacted object exerts a force that is in the opposite direction and of the same magnitude • Example: basketball player jumping 47
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Sample Question? Biomechanics to Answer • What are the forces on the biceps muscle when holding a 10 pound dumbbell at 90 degrees? Not as simple as you think to calculate Answer Draw a Picture 48
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49 Forces on Elbow/Forearm/Hand When Holding a 10 lb Dumbbell at 90 ° ƩF=0 ↑ Muscle force ? = M X 2 inches ↓ Forearm/hand 3 lbs X 6 inches = 18 lbs/inch ↓ Dumbbell wt 10 lbs X 12 inches = 120 lbs/inches ↑ Muscle : Force = Mass X Distance ↓ Forearm/Hand : Force = Mass X Distance ↓ Dumbbell : Force = Mass X Distance Elbow is the axis of rotation
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Forces on Elbow/Forearm/Hand When Holding a 10 lb Dumbbell at 90 ° • 10 lb dumbbell = weight of object • 3 lb = weight of forearm and hand (from estimated chart) • Dumbbell is 12 inches from elbow • Forearm/hand are ≈ 6 inches from elbow • M = Muscle force holding the weight is (contraction of the elbow flexors: brachioradialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii) • J = Joint force (reaction force of the humerous on the ulna 50
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51 Forces on Elbow/Forearm/Hand When Holding a 10 lb Dumbbell at 90 ° ƩF=0 ↑ Muscle force ? = M X 2 inches ↓ Forearm/hand 3 lbs X 6 inches = 18 lbs/inches ↓ Dumbbell wt 10 lbs X 12 inches = 120 lbs/inches ↑ Muscle : Force = Mass X Distance ↓ Forearm/Hand : Force = Mass X Distance ↓ Dumbbell : Force = Mass X Distance Elbow is the axis of rotation
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Forces on Elbow/Forearm When Holding a 10 lb Dumbbell at 90 ° - (Ƭ Muscle) + (Ƭ Forearm/hand) + Ƭ(W Dumbbell) = Zero • We can insert number values for each of the arrows: – (2 inch × ↑ Muscle Force) + (6 inch × 3 lbs ↓ Forearm & Hand) + (12 inch × 10 lbs ↓ Weight) = 0. Sum is zero because the are is stationary • When we solve for each parentheses, we get: – (2 in × ↑ M) + (18 lb/inch) + (120 lb/inch) = 0. • The equation is then solved for the ( ↑ M), the muscle force: Moving – (2 in × M) to the right side of the equation makes it a positive number. - (ƬMuscle ↑ ) = (Ƭ forearm/hand weight ↓ ) + Ƭ( dumbbell ↓ ) 2M = 18 + 120 = 138/2 = 69 lb/inch • Combining the two remaining parentheses on the left side, and then dividing that total by the 2 inches: The answer is 69 lbs of weight! 52
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Measure Conversion 53
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Mechanical Work • How much force is applied and how much work is done W = F x d • Unit of work is the joule 1J = 1N ∙m • Benchpress 800 N (≈180 lbs) distance .5M (≈ 20 inches) id 400 J of mechanical work 54
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Mechanical Work • How much force is applied and how much work is done W = F x d • Unit of work is the joule 1J = 1N ∙m • Benchpress 800 N (≈180 lbs) distance .5M (≈ 20 inches) id 400 J of mechanical work 56
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Power • P = W/time in seconds • Units of power is watts • 1 W = 1J/second Also • Power can be calculated as the product force (F) and velocity (v): P = F x v 57
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In Class Stair Activity 58
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Work-Power Example 59 W = F X D (580 X 750) = 435,000 P = W ÷ T 435,000 ÷ 15 = 29,000 = 29 watts
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Levers 60
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Bone-Muscle Relationships Lever Systems • Lever – a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point, or axis of rotation at the joint – Skeletal Bones in the body act as levers • Effort – force is applied to a lever (MF ↑ or MT) – Skeletal muscles contracting are the force/torque to move the levers • Body mass or weight is lifted is the resistance (RF ↓) 61
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Lever Systems • Lever = ridged structure • Fulcrum = fixed single point axis of rotation • F A Applied Force (Effort force) is produced by active muscle • F R Resistance Force Applied is the weight being lifted, gravity, other external force, friction, elastic bands • F A the F R and fulcrum can be spatially arranged in 3 configurations 62
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Lever Systems 63
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Crow Bar, Claw Hammer, Bottle Opener Force Multiplier (Leverage) 64
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Bone-Muscle Relationships Lever Systems • Lever – a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point, or axis of rotation at the joint – Skeletal Bones in the body act as levers • Effort – force is applied to a lever (MF ↑ or MT) – Skeletal muscles contracting are the force/torque to move the levers • Body mass or weight is lifted is the resistance (RF ↓) 65
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Leverage • Levers Dynamic and Moving Systems – Used to: Only When Displacement (Movement) is Occurring • Overcome large resistance • Enhance speed • Range of motion advantage – Components 3 Parts: • 1. Fulcrum - pivot point of rotation • 2. Resistance/weight/gravity ↓ • 3. Force/effort/ ↑ – Types of Levers or Classes • First-class lever – Speed: turn head fast • Second-class lever – Power: running/landing from a jump 237 x 4 = 948 pound when active! • Third-class lever – Range of Motion: raise cup to your lips 66
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Levers: What is in the center? (Imagine a long structure) 1 st Class the Fulcrum (¤) is in the center 2 nd Class the Resistance ( ↓) is in the center 3 rd Class the muscle force ( ↑) is in the center 67
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Bone-Muscle Relationships Lever Systems: 1 st Class Favors Speed (short distance) 68
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Lever Systems: 1 st Class Favors Speed and Short distance • 1 st Class – the fulcrum is between the load and the effort – Resistance: chin – Axis/Fulcrum: neck – Effort: posterior head muscles pulling down or inferior – Trapezius muscle – (Except for Triceps Extension) 69
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Lever Systems 2 nd Class Mechanical Advantage and Favors Power • 2 nd Class – the load is between the fulcrum and the effort – Resistance: Middle of foot – Axis/Fulcrum: Toes metatarsus/phalange joint – Effort: Gastrocnemius/Soleus calf muscles 70
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Car Jack Lever = ↑ Leverage 2 Class Power and Strength 71
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Lever Systems: 2 nd Class Mechanical Advantage and Favors Power Calf Raise Exercise Plantar Flexion 50 degrees of movement 72
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Lever Systems 3 rd Class Mechanical Disadvantage but Favors Distance - Elbow Flexion 180 degrees range of movement • 3 rd Class – the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load – Resistance: hand/forearm – Axis/Fulcrum: Elbow joint – Effort: brachioradialis, brachialis, biceps brachii muscles 73
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Lever Systems 3 rd Class Mechanical Disadvantage but Favors ROM - Elbow Flexion 180 degrees of movement 74
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Types of Lever Systems: Classes In the Body 1 st Class – the fulcrum is between the load and the effort (chin-neck-head: posterior neck muscles effort ) 2 nd Class – the load is between the fulcrum and the effort (heel-metatarsus & phalange joint: posterior leg compartment muscles effort ) 3 rd Class – the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load (hand/forearm esistance-elbow axis): anterior arm muscles effort ) 75
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First Class Lever
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Second Class Lever
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Third Class
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Effort Arm Changes During Rotation 82
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Effort Arm Changes During Elbow Flexion • Axis of rotation is set • The tendon insertion around the axis will change as the joint moves through full range of motion • Next slide M is change in the distance 83
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Effort Arm Changes During Elbow Flexion 84
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Effort Arm Changes • Effort Arm Changes (Muscle Tension/Torque) as the muscle tendon moves farther and closer to the axis during elbow flexion • Effective Load Changes as the weight moves farther and closer to the axis during elbow flexion 85
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Effective Load Changes • Effective Load Changes as the weight moves farther and closer to the axis during elbow flexion • Show the PDF 86
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Effective Resistance Changes Biceps Curl • Resistance on muscle is = Weight X Distance from the axis of rotation • 30 pound bar biceps curl – 2 inches X 30 pounds = 60 lbs/in – 6 inches X 30 pounds = 180 lbs/in – 10 inches X 30 pounds = 300 lbs/in – 6 inches X 30 pounds 180 lbs/in – 0 inches X 30 pounds = 0 lbs/in • Show pdf image 87
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Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion • Newton’s laws of motion apply to all human movements 88
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Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion • 1st First law of motion – a body at rest or in motion tends to remain at rest or motion unless acted upon by an outside force • 2 nd Second law of motion - a net force ( ∑F) acting on a body produces an acceleration (a) proportional to the force according to the equation ∑F = m(mass) X a(acceleration) Force = mass (X) acceleration • 3 rd Third law of motion – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction • Newton’s laws of motion apply to all human movements 89
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Forces – Forces act on a mass – Mass = amount of matter in an object – Moment = force acting at a distance from axis of rotation • M = d × F 90
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Forces – Newton’s First Law: Inertia • 1st First law of motion – a body at rest or in motion tends to remain at rest or motion unless acted upon by an outside force • Inertia is the reluctance of a body to change its current state. F 0 91
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Forces – Newton’s Second Law: Acceleration • Acceleration is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body. • The rate at which an object changes velocity (speed and direction) is determined by two variables: the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object a F m 92
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Newton’s Laws of Motion • 2 nd Law of acceleration – A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, – in the direction of the force and inversely proportional to the body’s mass • Force = mass (X) acceleration 93
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Forces – Newton’s Third Law: Action -Reaction • For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force . • When an object exerts a force onto another object the contacted object exerts a force that is in the opposite direction and of the same magnitude • Example: basketball player jumping 94
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Force of golf club head 95
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