2712 unit 2 written

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University of the People *

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HS 2711

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Health Science

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Feb 20, 2024

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University of the People HS 2712: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH II WEEK TWO WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Several studies have shown that there are considerable socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, morbidity, and access to health across different countries. Most of these inequalities can also be seen within the country across different social classes. The understanding of health from the sociological perspective has helped us to see the social inequalities that bear the most impact on health outcomes. These health outcomes will represent the disparities we experienced within and between countries over the years. According to Steinbach & Eni-Olotu (2016), “the distribution of health is determined by a wide variety of individual, community, and national factors. There is. a growing body of evidence documenting inequalities in both the distribution of health (i.e. health outcomes) and access to health care internationally. Access to health care is supply-side. issue indicating the level of service which the health care system offers the individual (para. 1)”. Studying diseases and illnesses through the biomedical lens is enough to proffer solutions and coping mechanisms. The best way to study illness and diseases should be influenced by a variety. of psychological and interpersonal factors that contribute to the causes and consequences of ill health, and how these are experienced and interpreted by individuals (Crinson & Martino, 2017., Section 10) Drawing on my reading and using Nigeria as my country of choice, I will be talking about the instances of health inequalities. Several factors have played a significant role in the health. inequalities in my country ranging from social, psychological, cultural, and support over the years. These factors have brought about the health outcomes we experienced in my society today. Mortality Rate by Gender: In Nigeria, the mortality rate has been influenced by several factors. that affect health outcomes. The mortality rate is seen to be on the increase recently in Nigeria. due to the way the country is going. The hike in the price of goods and services, insecurity in every part of the country, poverty level increasing daily, and people devising means of survival. Considering the available facts, it is obvious that the mortality ratio of males is greater compared.

to females in Nigeria. One of the major causes of the high rate of mortality in males to females is. the cultural factor. The culture placed a high responsibility on the male in the family more than their female counterpart. This has led most males to indulge in any available job to provide for the family. They engaged in jobs that stress them with little rewards to commemorate the effort. put into the job. Stressful jobs like this put them in an emotional response that brings about. biological changes that increase the risk of heart disease (Steinbach & Eni-Olotu, 2016). Some have been a tool used by the politician during the campaign and ended up losing their lives. during the apolitical clash. Females are less exposed to this lifestyle which always gives them an edge over males when it comes to mortality rate. Also, women tend to take care of their health. more than men by practicing more hygiene than their male counterparts. Males are seen in me. society as strong beings who should show fewer emotions when they are faced with challenges. This has made it difficult for them to seek social or family support which could serve as a buffer. in time of trouble to cope with the challenges. This has also led to an increasing rate of suicide. among males. Peer pressure among young male adults has also pushed most of them into engaging in things that put them at risk of losing their lives such as money rituals, experimenting. with hard drugs, excessive alcohol usage and driving, unprotected sex, and reckless lifestyles. All of these have increased the mortality ratio of males to females in Nigeria and have contributed to health inequality. The inequality available in access to healthcare by ethnicity in Nigeria can be brought to a minimal ratio through effective health promotion in local languages and solving the educational problem. In conclusion, the prevalence of ill health, and absolute and relative educational inequalities in health in Nigeria appear to revolve around social class which determines the kind. of job you do, the information available to you due to educational attainment, and how much of your cultural beliefs are holding you back from accessing healthcare. Reaching certain groups like the lower class and marginalized population may be described as hard to reach but increasing service flexibility, and working with private and voluntary sectors might be an effective way to reduce health inequality in Nigeria in terms of mortality among genders, access.

to healthcare by ethnicity, and morbidity due to educational attainment References Bhopal R. (1997). “Is research into ethnicity and health racist, unsound, or important science?” BMJ, 314. Bradby H. (2003) “Describing ethnicity in health research.” Ethnicity and Health, 8 (1). Crinson, I., & Martino, L. (2017). Section 10: The role of social, cultural, psychological and family relationship factors in the aetiology of disease and illness. In Concepts of Health, Wellbeing and Illness, and the Aetiology of Illness. Accessed at: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy- economics/4a-concepts-health-illness/section7/activity4/answers Eikemo, T. A., Huisman, M., Bambra, C., & Kunst, A. E. (2008). Health inequalities according toeducational level in different welfare regimes: A comparison of 23 European countries. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(4), 565-582. Accessed at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01073.x/full Feldman, J.J., Makuc, D.M., Kleinman, J.C. and Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1989) National trends in educational differences in mortality, American Journal of Epidemiology, 129, 919– 1033. Guralnik, J.M., Land, K.C., Blazer, D., Fillenbaum, G.G. and Branch, L.G. (1993) Educational status and active life expectancy among older blacks and whites, New England Journal ofMedicine, 329, 110– 16. Kitagawa, E.M. and Hauser, P.M. (1973) Differential Mortality in the United States: a Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Knesebeck, O.v.d., Verde, P.E. and Dragano, N. (2006) Education and health in 22 European countries, Social Science and Medicine. 63, 1344– 51. Steinbach, R., & Eni-Olotu, M. (2016). Inequalities in health (e.g. by region, ethnicity, soci- economic position or gender) and in access to health care, including their causes. Equality, Equity and Policy. Access at: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy- economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/inequalities-distribution

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2712 unit 2 written

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