FA23PSA13
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Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis *
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103
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Health Science
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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Uploaded by JudgeGoldfishMaster760
Pre-Session Assignment (PSA) #13
Name Conner Starkey Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least
the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly
encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please complete and turn in one hour before the designated weekly recitation time via canvas.
Chapter 47 Objectives: Processing Food and Nutrition
1. Discuss the differences between having no digestive tract, an incomplete and a complete digestive tract and any benefits or advantages they provide People without digestive tracts digest food inside their cells using phagocytes and vacuoles, a process known as intracellular digestion that uses less energy. A single entrance into the gastrocavity is advantageous for incomplete digestive tract organisms because it requires less surface area and reduces the possibility of food and waste mingling. Their digestion is intracellular in nature, yet it starts extracellularly. On the other hand, those with a full digestive system have two gastrocavity openings, which are important benefits for breaking down complicated molecules and improving absorption of nutrients.
2. Trace the pathway traveled by an ingested meal through the human digestive system, and based upon class discussion, be able to describe the structure and function of each organ and the enzymes involved in digestion (drawing helpful!
)
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Image from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/chemical-digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-
look/
3. Compare and contrast the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (table helpful!
)
Salivary amylase in the mouth breaks down polysaccharides to start the breakdown of carbohydrates, but the acidic pH of the stomach deactivates salivary amylase and stops this process. The small intestine then uses pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase to break down undigested polysaccharides.
Pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach, converting them into short polypeptides. In the small intestine, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, peptidases, and dipeptidases further breakdown these polypeptides.
Bile salts help break down fats into fat droplets in the small intestine, where lipid breakdown takes place.
These droplets are then broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by pancreatic lipase.
4. Compare and contrast different modes of nutrition and methods of feeding 5. Compare and contrast digestive processes including ingestion (feeding), digestion, absorption, and egestion (elimination) and intracellular vs extracellular digestion 3
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6. Compare and contrast the three digestive processes including examples of where each occurs
7. Name and describe the four kinds of teeth
8. Compare and contrast the cephalic, gastric and intestinal stages of digestion 9. Name several hormones and discuss their role in regulating digestive processes
10. Give examples of lipid and water soluble fats as well as minerals and trace elements Chapter 48 Objectives: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes
1. Describe the general structure of the human excretory system and the kidney as well as the functions of the kidney (drawing helpful!
)
The capsule helps the glomerulus filter blood effectively. The renal cortex is where nephrons begin. The control of urine concentration is the function of the renal medulla. The renal vein delivers blood from the
kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava. Urine flows via the urinary tract after building up in the renal pelvis. Urine is transferred from the kidneys to the bladder via the urinary tract. Nephron and tubule structures within the renal pyramids aid in the fluid transfer into the kidney.
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2. Describe the structure of the nephron, compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons (drawing helpful!
)
The outside renal medulla is home to cortical nephrons, which can be identified by a shorter Loop of Henle that reaches there. Their glomeruli are smaller and their Vasa recta are relatively lowered. These nephrons, which make up only 5% of the kidney's nephrons, perform regulatory and waste removal tasks.
Conversely, juxtamedullary nephrons have a longer Loop of Henle that reaches the deeper renal medulla,
allowing them to extend further into the renal medulla. They have larger glomeruli close to the corticomedullary boundary and a greater network of Vasa recta. These nephrons, which make up 15% of
the kidney's nephrons, are essential for either diffusing or concentrating urine.
3. Describe the origin and function/action of antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide as well as the structure and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Water reabsorption is assisted by antidiuretic hormone (AH), which increases the permeability of collecting ducts. In contrast, aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium, which raises blood pressure.
In reverse, atrial natriuretic peptide expands afferent arterioles, prevents sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts, reduces aldosterone secretion, and eventually lowers blood pressure.
4. Describe the four main body fluids, electrolytes, osmosis, osmotic pressure, osmolarity, and osmoregulation 5. State the function of an excretory system, define excretion, list them major waste products, name the major nitrogenous waste products and describe the relationship between their production and excretion.
6. Define and distinguish between an osmoconformer and an osmoregulator and give examples of each 5
7. Compare and contrast the structure and function of contractile vacuoles, renette cells, protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, antennal glands, coxal glands, and salt glands and give examples of each 8. Name vertebrate excretory structures other than kidneys, compare and contrast osmoregulation in freshwater fish, saltwater fish, cartilaginous fish, saltwater drinking vertebrates, and marine mammals as well as describing
problems faced by terrestrial vertebrates 9. Describe the structure of the glomerulus, fluid movement from the glomerulus, the structure and function of the filtration membrane, and the pressures involved in filtrate formation
10. Describe the process of absorption and secretion that occurs along the length of then nephron tubule, how urine is concentrated in the nephron loop, define, describe and draw a counter-current mechanism in the loop, the involvement of the distal tubule and collecting duct in urine concentration, and the structure and role of the vasa recta
11. Describe the role of the kidneys in fluid volume changes 12. Outline and describe how the kidneys are involved in regulation and maintenance of blood pH 6
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