Week 7

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Health Science

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Nov 24, 2024

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University of the People HS 4212-01 - AY2024-T1 Week Seven Gautam Krishnan (Instructor) October 20th, 2023.

INTRODUCTION The complex condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects people who have experienced a variety of stressful situations and is characterized by mental and emotional suffering. It is essential to stress that PTSD affects a wide range of people who have suffered severe trauma, not just members of the armed forces. The growing evidence that a considerable gene-environment (VGXE) component plays a significant role in the onset and consequences of the condition is one of the key factors advancing our understanding of PTSD. The development and consequences of PTSD are influenced by a number of interactions between the genome and the environment, and these connections are well supported by scientific research: Genetic Propensity: According to research, several genetic traits are linked to a higher risk of developing PTSD. These genetic changes might be viewed as the genome's initial point of contact with the environmental stressor. People with these genetic predispositions may be more prone to acquiring the illness if they are exposed to traumatic circumstances. In a study on genetic risk factors for autism, Chaste and Leboyer (2012) focused on the interaction between particular genetic markers and environmental factors. Their research brought to light the interaction between environmental and genetic elements that might lead to the emergence of complex situations. Epigenetic Modifications: VGXE interactions in PTSD depend critically on epigenetic processes. Extreme stress or trauma can have an impact on the epigenome, which is made up of

chemical alterations to DNA and related proteins. Particularly in genes associated with stress control, these modifications may cause long-lasting changes in gene expression and function. In a study published in 2014, Tordjman and colleagues examined the significance of epigenetic processes in gene-environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders. Their findings shed light on how the environment can alter the epigenome, which in turn affects gene expression and adds to the complexity of disorders like autism. Neurotransmitter Function: Differences in genes linked to neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and dopamine control, can have a big impact on how someone reacts to trauma and how likely they are to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These genetic variants influence an individual's emotional and stress response by interacting with the environmental exposure to traumatic experiences. Cannon and Greenamyre's (2013) study on gene-environment interactions in Parkinson's disease focused into the role of neurotransmitters in VGXE interactions. Their findings show the interconnectivity of genetic and environmental factors by demonstrating particular gene- environment interactions in the setting of neurodegenerative disorders. The ramifications of VGXE interactions for PTSD are significant and far-reaching: Treatment Implications: Creating more individualized treatment plans requires an understanding of the VGXE component of PTSD. Treatment plans that are specifically designed for each patient in light of their genetic makeup and environmental influences are more likely to be successful. An improved response to a particular therapeutic intervention, for instance, may be indicated by certain genetic markers.

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Prevention: Recognizing people who are more likely to experience VGXE interactions can help lower the likelihood of PTSD in such people. With this information, preventive actions can be implemented, possibly involving early interventions for people with a genetic tendency to lessen the effects of traumatic experiences. Impact Reduction: Understanding VGXE interactions may help develop tactics for lessening the severity of PTSD in those who are afflicted. Targeted therapies that take into account a person's genetic makeup and environmental circumstances may help lessen the disorder's long-term impact. Gaining a thorough knowledge of VGXE interactions in PTSD requires more study. This entails looking into additional genetic markers, studying epigenetic mechanisms in more detail, and comprehending the intricate interactions amongst neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, thorough research is required to determine how these VGXE interactions might be used to create better preventative and treatment plans as well as lessen the long-term effects of PTSD. Conclusion A fascinating area of study that gives hope for understanding the condition is the VGXE component of PTSD. The intricate interplay between heredity and environment offer the possibility to improve PTSD therapy, prevent it, and lessen its severe effects. The answer to addressing and reducing the condition's wide-ranging impacts lies in further research in this area.

References Baker, C. (2004). Behavioral genetics. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/Intro.pdf Cannon, J. R., & Greenamyre, J. T. (2013). Gene-environment interactions in Parkinson’s disease: Specific evidence in humans and mammalian models. Neurobiology of Disease, 57, 10. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815566/ Chaste, P., & Leboyer, M. (2012). Autism risk factors: Genes, environment, and gene- environment interactions. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(3), 281–292. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513682/ Tordjman, S., Somogyi, E., Coulon, N., Kermarrec, S., Cohen, D., Bronsard, G., … Xavier, J. (2014). Gene × environment interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of epigenetic mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 53. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00053. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120683/

Week 7

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