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Health Needs Assessment 1
HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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November 15, 2022
Health Needs Assessment 2
Introduction
Global inequality may be eradicated with rigor by analyzing the health of individuals.
The government's objective is to reduce the disparity in health outcomes across individuals from
different socioeconomic origins and geographic locations. Neglecting fundamental human needs
such as shelter, food, education, and work may affect one's health. These variables are
interrelated components of a more extensive set of social and environmental factors that
influence people's health. This expanded definition liberates us from the limitations of the health-
services-based medical paradigm (Banerjee and McCathie, 2017). Obesity is more common in
communities that are generally unhealthy. On average, children from the wealthiest families
weigh half a pound less than those from the poorest homes. However, there is substantial
evidence linking obesity to chronic, non-communicable diseases. This article will investigate
how the Dahlgren Whitehead Rainbow framework may be applied to Wolverhampton's
healthcare needs. This project aims to collect statistics about obesity in Wolverhampton.
Wolverhampton, a state in the United Kingdom, was chosen for the health needs assessment, and
a sample group of obese people aged 40 to 60 was recruited for this research (Danat, 2020).
Developing and executing a service delivery plan starts with identifying unmet healthcare
requirements. The government feels that this will assist them in determining which kind of health
and care services best meet the needs of its population. This may also be done more specifically
to assess the health and social care services needed by a group such as the homeless or
individuals with learning disabilities (Haase et al., 2021).
To highlight the relationship between obesity and Wolverhampton's health,
epidemiologists use the Incidence Prevention Model, an epidemic model. Using the IPM model,
this section will illustrate the obesity and obesity-related disease prevalence rates in different
Health Needs Assessment 3
areas of the United States and the world. The Dahlgreen-rainbow-Whitehead model is used to
study the effects of obesity on health in terms of socioeconomic determinants of health in the
chosen state (Harper et al., 2020). Overweight individuals are more prone to suffer from health
conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. Being fat increases the likelihood
of breast and colon cancer, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, insomnia, arthritis, gout, and
mental problems. The National Child Management Program (NCMP) in the United Kingdom
anticipated 9.9 percent of 4- and 5-year-old children to be overweight or obese in 2020. They are
very susceptible to being overweight (14.1%) or obese (21.0%). As the theme of this essay is the
prevalence of obesity in Wolverhampton's population, a critique of the health needs assessment,
and its description will be prepared (Hilton, Patterson, and Teyhan, 2012).
Health Needs Assessment
To successfully distribute resources to address health issues and eliminate injustices, it is
crucial to do a detailed analysis of a community's requirements. This is achieved by doing these
actions in a community. The government's health disparities strategy aims to eliminate health
inequalities between demographic groups and geographic regions. Following a nationwide public
service agreement, health disparities were to be reduced by 10% by 2010, as assessed by infant
mortality and life expectancy. The primary goal of the assessment is to gather pertinent and
objective information regarding the client's condition to determine the latter's overall level of
functioning (Keaver et al., 2018). This requires gathering information on individuals' mental,
physiological, social, cultural, and spiritual states and anatomical traits. Several studies indicate
that sociocultural variables may influence an individual's impression of the start of an illness,
how they respond to therapy, and how long they continue on treatment. The consequences they
experience (Peters, MacMahon, and Woodward, 2020).
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Health Needs Assessment 4
To formulate and execute effective public health interventions, it is necessary first to
determine the disease's prevalence. Using this approach, we can calculate the frequency and bulk
of an illness, enabling us to assess the severity of a threat to public health. This framework will
be used in the section describing the amount of damage caused by obesity and its associated
diseases (Rauber et al., 2020).
Epidemiology
The Rate of Obesity in Adults
The Public Health Report, 2020-21, predicts that 28.0% of English persons are
overweight or obese, and 36.2% are obese. Despite this, it is estimated that 67% of
Wolverhampton's adult population is fat, and 40% are overweight. According to Yates et al.
(2020), around one in eight United Kingdom residents are obese (2020). Significant numbers of
individuals call Wolverhampton their home. According to 2014 data from the Royal
Wolverhampton NHS Trust, more than 60% of men and 58% of women in Wolverhampton are
overweight or obese (Sischo and Broder, 2011).
According to 2014 data by the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, over seventy percent of
Wolverhampton's adult population is overweight or obese. For instance, just 34% of West
Midlands residents are overweight or obese, but 70% of the adult population of Wolverhampton
is overweight or obese. Wolverhampton has a higher frequency of obese and overweight
residents than the rest of the nation and the area (Zhu et al., 2020).
Prevalence of Obesity amongst Children
Health Needs Assessment 5
c According to data done by the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust in 2014, 12.9% of
children in the receptive age range (years 4-5) and 24.6% of children in the pre-receptive age
range reside in the city of Wolverhampton (ages 6-9). (ages 10-11). I'm overweight. These
percentages are much lower than the respective U.S. national norms of 9.5% and 19.2%. The
frequency of childhood obesity is on the increase among newborns and children. This is a new
threat to the health of the entire population. The descendants of Wolverine Hampton have a
higher risk of catching a disease than the general population. The city will soon confront a severe
public health issue (Zhou et al., 2021).
Social Determinants of Health
The coordinated efforts of a group of health assessors enhance the health of individuals
and the communities in which they reside. The individual's social group, genetic composition,
and gender are different influences. D.W. Dahlgren The "Rainbow Model," developed by Goran
Dahlgren and Margaret Whitehead in 1991, is now the most well-known and commonly used
framework for examining the many aspects of health. This notion demonstrates that individuals,
their communities, social networks, and their physical environment are interconnected. This
model will be used to explore the variables that affect Wolverhampton's obesity rates and to
identify the epidemic's core causes (Wang et al., 2011).
Individual Factors
Age:
According to research done in the United Kingdom, between the ages of 65 and 74, the
chance of being overweight or obese increases. In England, 56% of adolescents and young adults
are of average weight, whereas 37% are overweight or obese. This age group has the lowest
likelihood of being overweight or obese compared to all other age groups. Six percent of children
Health Needs Assessment 6
in Wolverhampton are overweight or obese. As a consequence, the National Health Service
(NHS) and other regulatory bodies must focus on reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity
in Wolverhampton, as this issue has the potential to soon become a significant hazard to public
health (Robinson et al., 2020).
Gender:
Women are more likely to be overweight or obese than males, given the same weight
and height. It should not come as a surprise that the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled
in the last 25 years, particularly among women. The English population is weaker than ever, and
high-calorie foods are widely accessible. In 2019, the prevalence of obesity among English
adults increased to 29% for women and 27% for men compared to prior years (Pierce et al.,
2020).
Social and Community Networks
At least partially, the worrisome growth in obesity may be attributable to the effect of
social and community networks on the lifestyle decisions of individuals and groups. White
British individuals were shown to have the most excellent chance of ingesting the required
amount of fruits and vegetables (5.9 servings daily). Adults of African-American and Asian
descent were less likely to consume the recommended three to five servings of protein and
vegetables daily (Lloyd et al., 2018). During the 2017-2018 academic year, the proportion of
white adults in the United Kingdom and other white nations who consumed all five
recommended daily meals fell. According to the Wolverhampton Public Health Vision, by the
year 2030, Wolverhampton citizens with lower levels of education will be more likely to smoke
and make health-damaging decisions. Over forty percent of Wolverhampton's population is
unhealthy and overweight, much higher than the national average (Ijaz et al., 2021).
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Health Needs Assessment 7
Conditions of Living and Working
The rationale for using the Dahlgreen-Whitehead model:
The Dahlgreen-Whitehead model is
the most effective model available for health needs assessment. It is a fantastic tool for
elucidating the requirements for sustaining one's health. This model provides an understanding of
the social determinants of health and acts as a paradigm for bringing individuals from all
backgrounds together to work toward the same objective. Each sector seems to have been given
the authority and responsibility to develop and implement its strategy to improve health and
reduce inequity (Higgins, Nazroo, and Brown, 2019). It is possible to see the government as a
natural experiment. If necessary, each section may coordinate with the other segments. In the
past, models often assumed that the health sector would collaborate with several other businesses
to promote health.
Consequently, the health sector often catalyzes collaboration and is a source of assistance
for other businesses. If we stop addressing habits as medical problems, the efficacy of public
health initiatives and procedures may decline. Examining the models created by Dahlgreen and
Whitehead is sufficient to comprehend how a location affects individuals (Hamer et al., 2020).
Numerous individuals have discovered that using this framework enhances their understanding
of the components that influence a child's development. The model's first layer comprises age,
gender, and heredity's biological and genetic features. On a deeper level, we explore how each
function and how their decisions influence their health. The third layer addresses the community
and societal factors that may affect the health of individuals. The fourth level addresses various
issues, including housing, employment, and access to high-quality medical care (Dekkers,
Jansen, and Lamb, 2019).
Health Needs Assessment 8
Priorities are typically selected between three and six at a time, depending on the severity
of the problem, the number of people who are affected by it, the willingness of the community to
take action, the potential for positive change, and the accessibility of medical facilities and other
community resources in your region. Priorities are picked between three and six at a time in most
circumstances. It is vital to analyze not only what steps have been taken in the past to remedy the
problem but also whether or not this problem is the base of any other difficulties (Burgoine et al.,
2018).
Health Inequality
The answer to the issue of health inequalities is to improve the population's health.
Conversely, the term may also be used to differentiate between a person's treatment and their
chance of living a healthy life. It is feasible to adapt health outcomes, access to healthcare, the
quality of treatment, and the degree of patient satisfaction to suit a variety of objectives. This
shows that several other variables, such as the quality of healthcare facilities and behavioral
health issues such as smoking, substantially impact an individual's overall health (Allender and
Rayner, 2007).
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy is an excellent indicator of a population's overall health; thus, it is crucial
to understand it. The poverty level is a significant determinant of how long a person remains in a
place. One of the goals of the Wolverhampton Public Health 2030 strategy is to increase the
city's average life expectancy (Danat, 2020). Based on two distinct indices of depression,
Wolverhampton ranked 24th out of 317 cities. Before the CoVID-19 examination, it occupied the
24th position out of 317 possible places. Wolverhampton has one of the country's highest
Health Needs Assessment 9
unemployment rates. Moreover, the youth unemployment rate is among the highest in the United
States (Haase et al., 2021).
Cultural and Social Barriers
Several impediments impede the ability of patients and doctors to engage with one
another. Medical practitioners must communicate clearly and efficiently with patients of various
backgrounds to provide the highest quality care possible. Errors in diagnosis and treatment may
occur, and patients may not get the necessary follow-up care if they cannot communicate
effectively with their doctors (Higgins, Nazroo, and Brown, 2019). People from various cultural
backgrounds have significantly varied ways of receiving information, expressing themselves,
considering and addressing their health, and establishing their values. Because of this, they are
putting their health in danger. In the United States, there is an even more considerable language
barrier, especially for persons who are not native English speakers. This is particularly true for
people whose native language is not English. Patients who do not understand English and insist
that they require an interpreter for their medical appointments sometimes complain that they did
not obtain one. In addition, white medical professionals and healthcare staff sometimes lack an
appreciation for the everyday difficulties experienced by their minority patients (Lloyd et al.,
2018).
Economic Factors
The health issues that people with lower socioeconomic positions tend to encounter are
more severe and likely to last for a more extended period than the health problems that people
with higher status tend to experience (Robinson et al., 2020).
Deprivation
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Health Needs Assessment 10
There is a more significant likelihood that a low-income person may suffer from many
chronic illnesses. Ten years ago, those in the poorest fifths of the population were more likely to
suffer chronic health problems than those in the wealthiest fifths (Yates et al., 2020).
Empowerment Factors
Possessing a solid will and taking an active part in one's and another's life is beneficial to
oneself and others. Those who can make health and well-being decisions are "empowered."
Developing one's competence, self-assurance, and propensity for discovering new solutions to
challenges might assist in reaching this objective (Zhu et al., 2020). Perceptions of self-efficacy,
self-confidence, adaptability, and problem-solving ability all influence whether or not an
individual will adopt and sustain healthy practices. This strategy is referred to as "community
empowerment." Using the "Integral Model of Personal Attention," individuals may get treatment
in a more individualized environment. All six components of this model are based on empirical
data and are detailed by previous models known for their standardizability and reproducibility
(Sischo and Broder, 2011).
Participation of both the patient and therapist in the therapeutic decision-making process.
Libertarianism argues for the autonomy of the individual, especially the ability to choose one's
course in legal matters (Pierce et al., 2020). Patients will have access to and the opportunity to
amend their medical records as part of a personalized treatment and support program in which
they will participate. Community members collectively provide assistance and guidance. A
culture of active self-management is one in which people feel more at ease, competent, and
specific when making choices that impact their health and well-being. This culture may be
Health Needs Assessment 11
established by health counseling, self-management education, and peer support (Keaver et al.,
2018).
Stigma
When obese persons are exposed to stigma and discrimination due to their weight, their
mental and physical health may be seriously compromised. Even though an extensive study has
been undertaken on the topic of weight stigma for quite some time, most people do not seem to
care that it harms the health of society. Instead, many individuals have accepted that they are
inclined to view others negatively based on their weight and mistakenly assume that fat
individuals are unwell (Robinson et al., 2020). This research investigates how these assumptions
may affect public health and assesses whether or not the data backs up those assumptions. They
do not accept that weight-bearing scars may be used as an effective public health intervention to
prevent obesity in light of current evidence. On the other side, stigmatizing someone for being
overweight harms health, contributes to health inequities, and hinders attempts to reduce obesity.
The results of this research indicate that discrimination based on weight is a public health and
social justice concern (Pierce et al., 2020).
Regarding the frequency of health issues in other cities, Wolverhampton is not an
exception. Some examples are the growth in fat persons, those who smoke or drink excessively,
the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), the mental health of the elderly, and the
overall decline in physical and psychological health among the general population. Due to the
many factors at play, these problems are difficult to resolve since they are complex (Ijaz et al.,
2021). People observe that the following four categories summarise these aspects: Each of these
elements relies upon the others. As one prominent example, the chance that a person with a lower
Health Needs Assessment 12
level of education will smoke is greater than the likelihood that a person with a higher level of
education will smoke. Although a substantial section of the population engages in heavy alcohol
use, those with lower socioeconomic status are overrepresented among hospital admissions for
alcohol-related illnesses (Hamer et al., 2020). Alcohol use is known to exacerbate the adverse
effects of mental illness greatly. Unwell individuals won't be able to acquire the treatment they
need to recover their health because there is a shortage of access to long-term programs that help
them stop smoking and manage their weight. People believe that Wolverhampton cannot handle
the long-term development of any system component on its own because it is too large and
complex for the city to manage. Because of this, our plan will have far-reaching ramifications
that extend beyond facilitating behavioral changes and enhancing access to medical treatment
(Banerjee and McCathie, 2017).
Facilitators about Health Inequality
The administration of Wolverhampton has implemented a new culture of objectives and
performance in response to the city's continued uneven distribution of medical care. As a
consequence, it has developed several strategies to achieve this purpose. Due to our partnerships
with the government, we can collaborate with them to get things started. Each ministry now has a
specialist section called the expenditure division responsible for coordinating all contacts with
the finance division (Allender and Rayner, 2007). Public service announcements may contribute
significantly to realizing equitable access to medical care.
However, since this was not the division's foremost priority, the organizational structure
necessary to complete the job is absent. Since the PSA may impact social policy, Deakin and
Parry argue that the PSA's policies, results, and accountability should all be integrated. Second,
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Health Needs Assessment 13
the well-recognized Acheson Report does not address the reasons leading to health inequalities in
the United States (Hamer et al., 2020).
There is not one single factor that leads to health inequalities; instead, numerous
connected variables do. As a direct result, the government failed to take measures to solve these
issues. In 2001, it established specific objectives for itself. Officials from the government came
up with a way to keep track of the long-term progress toward these aims (Ijaz et al., 2021).
Health Inequality Reduction Strategies for Wolverhampton
Health disparities are inequalities in the health status of social groupings, communities, or
individuals that may be related to socioeconomic status discrepancies. These inequalities would
be both unnecessary and unjust if they could be avoided. These characteristics influence the
likelihood of being unwell, the efficacy of different measures to prevent illness, and the
accessibility of medical care for individuals who get ill. Some of the following effectively lower
obesity and the associated health concerns (Pierce et al., 2020).
Health Education
It is feasible to significantly lower obesity rates by using many techniques to educate
individuals and communities about adopting healthy eating habits. Public Health England's
methodology is essential to the success of their job. Recommendations to Make England
Healthier in the Fight Against Obesity:
Since the early 1990s, this problem has been an important topic of debate in English
policy circles. Two formal government plans on obesity, one in 2008 and one in 2011,
consolidated some existing initiatives and launched brand-new ones to fill in the gaps. Both
Health Needs Assessment 14
programs were published officially in 2008. The government began preventative efforts to
combat the growing epidemic of childhood obesity (Zhu et al., 2020).
Affecting the Food Environment
As indicated earlier, Wolverhampton experiences an increase in the incidence of
childhood obesity. Adults have a lower frequency of unhealthy eating habits than children and
adolescents. It is crucial to recognize that NHS England has adopted many policy modifications
to address these challenges. Before 9 p.m., promoting junk food on television and social media
would be a great first step. It would also be beneficial to advertise it near schools and
universities. The premise behind these projects is that if we can persuade children to choose
healthier meals, we can persuade society to reconsider its relationship with food (Sischo and
Broder, 2011).
Legislation managing food labeling is another public health measure that influences
dietary restrictions. This public health program, which encourages diverse populations to choose
better eating options, may be advantageous to numerous demographic groups. As part of NHS
England's "Call to Action" campaign against obesity, the organization also gained backing from
this policy idea. There is a link between the amount of time an individual can keep their health,
its immediate causes, its intermediate risks, and its final causes (Rauber et al., 2020).
Health Needs Assessment in Health Promotion
Importance must be placed on health promotion, the goal of which may be enhanced
health management. A substantial number of reported health issues was recognized as the
beginning point for the municipality's and state's attempts to mobilize community initiatives on
behalf of the state. Defining your requirements and expectations is the first step. The mere
Health Needs Assessment 15
presence of a problem is sufficient to elicit discussion, but this may make it more challenging to
determine the particular causes of the discomfort and create effective treatments for it (Yates et
al., 2020). For this reason, it is advised to conduct a requirements assessment, which may be
described as "the process of gathering and evaluating data on the issue at hand," to identify the
particular issues that need to be resolved (Rauber et al., 2020).
As part of an effort to engage the community, data collection would be restricted to just
those health issues associated with unhealthful choices made by individuals and families. This is
because a survey will be done in your community to learn more about the health and lifestyle
concerns of the local people. This survey data will enhance the data gathered by the health and
human services departments. This survey's findings will be evaluated to understand better the
relationships between numerous lifestyle factors and several health issues (Zhou et al., 2021).
Obtaining information that may be utilized to target specific subgroups of respondents is one of
the numerous benefits of conducting a survey. To gain a better understanding, we must divide
people into subgroups based on factors other than their location and demographics "Attitudes,
perceptions of applicable social norms, the significance, and engagement with health behavior
and applicable social standards, and the salience of these factors. Attitudes are said to be
"perspectives on healthful conduct and acceptable social standards (Robinson et al., 2020).
After determining the needs and segmenting the audience, a public forum will be held to
determine the number of individuals interested in the issue and the available money. After
completing this rating, the committee will prioritize the problems and select which one to solve
first. Throughout the strategic planning process, the VMOSA (Vision, Objectives, Mission,
Strategies, and Action Plan) paradigm will be applied (Zhou et al., 2021). Evaluation reveals the
model's aims, objectives, and components in the communities where they are implemented. They
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Health Needs Assessment 16
will communicate with and instruct the patient as part of our intervention. The material will be
spread through booklets and brochures in the first scenario (Rauber et al., 2020).
Conclusion
The complexity and multidimensionality of health and wellness concerns make them
famously challenging to resolve. Individuals must work together in a well-planned and well-
coordinated way to meet the demands of the local population. This perspective may maximize
the advantages of all our efforts to enhance our health and well-being. Dahlgren's whitehead
model has been universally acknowledged as the most accurate explanation for the social
elements that impact people's health. This illness cluster analysis focuses on the obesity rates of
Wolverhampton residents and the effects of the epidemic. The goal is to make Wolverhampton a
city where people want to live and work, where people's health improves, where health
disparities are reduced, and where our adherence to the plan and recommendations demonstrates
these goals.
Healthcare and other care services will be planned as much as possible with the persons
who will use them in mind. They must guarantee that they are designed to improve the lives of
their users and the results they generate. People can provide everyone with a fighting chance for
survival, growth, and enjoyment by working together. Obesity has a pervasive, unpleasant, and
perhaps hazardous connotation.
Health Needs Assessment 17
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Health Needs Assessment 19
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