SALT Synoptic

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Jun 24, 2024

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“The Salt” Exercise Assignment Instructions Michelle Heath NBST515_B02_202430 June 16 th ,2024 1

Content Title page……………………………………………………………………………….1 Content Page…………………………………………………………………………...2 Summary………………………………………………………………………………3-4 Application …………………………………………………………………………….5-6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...6 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………7 2

Summation The Synoptic Problem refers to the challenge of explaining the similarities and differences among the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke in the New Testament. These three accounts Share numerous stories, teachings and sequences of events, but they also contain unique material and variations in wording and order. The term “Synoptic” comes from the Greek words syn (together) and optic (seeing) indicating that these Gospels can be “seen together” due to their similarities. 1 According to Walter A2 Elwell and Robert W. Yarbrough in their textbook “Encountering the New Testament. A Historical and Theological Survey,” third edition (Baker Academic, 2013), the Synoptic Problem arises from the fact that Matthew, Mark, and Luke all tell the story of Jesus but do so with significant differences” 2 1. Augustinian Hypothesis : this hypothesis suggests that Matthew was the first Gospel written, followed by Mark who used Matthew as a source, and then Luke who used both Matthew and Mark. 3 1 “Encountering Biblical Studies.” Baker Academic . Accessed June 12, 2024. https://bakeracademic.com/series/Encountering-Biblical-Studies/1493. 2 Elwell, Walter A., and Robert W Yarbrough. Walter A. Elwell and Robert W. Yarbrough, Encountering the New Testament: A Historical and Theological Survey, Third Edition., Encountering Biblical Studies (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013), Iii. Third ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker academics, 2013 . 3 Ibid 3

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2. Griesbach (Two-Gospel) Hypothesis : this hypothesis also known as the Two-Gospel Hypothesis, this theory posits that Matthew was written first, followed by Luke who used Matthew as a source, and then Mark who abbreviated both Matthew and Luke. 4 3. Markan Priority (Two-Source) Hypothesis : This widely accepted hypothesis proposes that Mark was the first Gospel written, serving as a source for both Matthew and Luke. It also suggests the existence of another hypothetical document called the “Q” (from Quelle, German for source), which contained sayings of Jesus shared by Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark. 5 4. Farrer Theory: this theory builds upon the Markan Priority Hypothesis but eliminates the need for the hypothetical Q document. It suggests that Mark was written first, followed by Matthew who used Mark as a source, and then Luke who used both Mark and Matthew. 6 5. Wilke-Gundry Theory: this hypothesis is a variation of the Two-Source Theory but argues that Luke was written first based on its prologue mentioning other accounts before it. It posits that Matthew used Luke as a source and then Markk used both Matthew and Luke. These five-hypothesis represented different scholarly attempts to explain the interrelationships between the Synoptic Gospels in terms of their order of composition and sources utilized. Application 4 Ibid 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 4

“The Augustinian Hypothesis” Proponents of the Augustinian Hypothesis argue that Matthew’s Gospel displays a more structured and comprehensive account of Jesus’ teachings compared to Mark and Luke. This suggests that Matthew was likely composed first, laying the foundation for the subsequent Gospels. Scholars point out the fact that much of Mark’s content can be found in Matthew, often in condensed form. This implies that Mark may have used Matthew as a source when writing his Gospel, supporting the Matthean priority. 7 Let’s apply Augustinian Hypothesis to the parable of “The Prodigal Son” found in the Gospel of Luke 15:11-32. If we apply the Augustinian Hypothesis to this parable, we can see elements that align with Matthew’s emphasis on themes such as repentance and forgiveness. The focus on the younger son’s realization of his sin and decision to return home could be seen as a reflective of Matthew’s theological concerns. 8 In line with the hypothesis, Markan priority suggests that Luke drew upon Mark’s gospel for his own account. While this parable is unique to Luke, its themes of reconciliation and redemption resonates with Mark’s overarching message of Jesus’ ministry. 9 The “Q” source is believed to contain sayings of Jesus shared by both Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark. The parable of the Prodigal Son is not explicitly part of “Q,” its central message of God’s unconditional love and forgiveness aligns with the teachings attributed to Jesus 7 Tornau, Christian. “Augustine of Hippo.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford University, April 26, 2024. Last modified April 26, 2024. Accessed June 12, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/. 8 Ibid 9 Ibid 5

in Q material. 10 Applying Augustinian Hypothesis to the Parable of the Prodigal Son allows us to explore how different theological emphases from Matthew, Mark, Luke, and potentially Q sources may have influenced this powerful narrative about repentance, forgiveness, and reconciliation within a familial context. Bibliography 10 Ibid 6

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Elwell, Walter A., and Robert W Yarbrough. Walter A. Elwell and Robert W. Yarbrough, Encountering the New Testament: A Historical and Theological Survey, Third Edition., Encountering Biblical Studies (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2013), Iii. Third ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker academics, 2013. “Encountering Biblical Studies.” Baker Academic . Accessed June 12, 2024. https://bakeracademic.com/series/Encountering-Biblical-Studies/1493 . Tornau, Christian. “Augustine of Hippo.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford University, April 26, 2024. Last modified April 26, 2024. 7

SALT Synoptic

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