GES Lab 4 A. Parr

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr Lab 4 Chapter 14: Volcanism and Igneous Landforms Exercise 1. The Raton-Clayton Volcanic Field and the Capulin Volcano Crater. a) Go to http://www.nps.gov/cavo/learn/nature/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm to read about the Raton-Clayton volcanic field that consists of clusters of multiple small volcanoes. This remarkable field stretches over 7500 square miles of northeastern New Mexico with the border areas of adjoining Colorado and Oklahoma. One of the spectacular sites is Capulin volcano, which crater you can hike into! Figure 1a. Capulin Volcano Location. North is to the top of page. From Google Maps. Figure 1b. Capulin Volcano Crater. Contour Interval 20 feet. Scale 1:24 000. From USGS. b) If you decide to visit the Capulin Volcano National Monument, will you drive towards North or South from Colorado Springs? (refer to Fig. 1a) ___South_____________ c) Upon arrival there, you drive up the Capulin Volcano National Monument Road that ends on the west side of the crater rim. Outline in red the crater rim of the volcano on Figure 1b. To draw in Word, click Insert, Shapes, select “Curve” line. d) Staying on the crater rim you wonder how deep the crater is. To find the total depth of the crater: - determine the highest elevation on the crater rim, which is marked by the closed contour line north of the word “Mountain ”___. __7800_feet - determine elevation at the bottom of the crater. Zoom in to Figure 1b to enlarge the image to 200% and examine the contour lines. Note how hachured contour lines direct us to the lowest point in the crater next to letter “u” in the word “Capulin.” Elevation at the bottom ________7000_____________feet -find the difference between the highest and lowest elevations, which is the Capulin Volcano Crater Depth ___7200 to 8100______feet Get ready to hike into the volcano heart, its crater (smile :  )! Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 1 of 8

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 2 of 8 Contour Interval 20 feet

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 4 of 8

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr Exercise 2. The Individual Volcano Slopes Are Different Due to Variations in Volcanism. Review the Volcanism section in Chapter 14 of your textbook to learn about volcano formation. View the instructional video at https://youtu.be/IMabdBJvRIU In the following problems you will compute the slope gradients of Mauna Loa in Hawai‘i, Mount Rainier in Washington, and Capulin Volcano in New Mexico. (You may also determine the elevation changes and distances needed to calculate these gradients by using Google Earth™.) To see better the numbers and specific places on the maps you MAY Zoom In to the maps above (click View>> Zoom), BUT drag and change their borders. To draw in Word, click Insert, Shapes, select Line. 1. Using the “Mauna Loa, Hawaii” topographic map (scale 1:250,000; contour interval 200 feet), calculate the gradient of Mauna Loa (19°28_17_N, 155°35_41_W) along line AB, from the 6000_, contour (near Point A) toward the summit. (On the edge of a piece of paper you can measure out a distance of 10 miles using the graphic map scale in the left top corner of the map, and then determine the elevation change over that distance.) a. Record elevation by point A ____6000___________ feet b. Draw the AB line and record elevation near the summit along the AB line ____10,000_____________feet c. Find the elevation change (difference) ________4,000_____________feet d. The distance between your recorded elevations should be approximately 10 miles e. Calculate the gradient and show your work below 4000 (Elevation Change) feet ÷ 10 (Number of Miles) = 40 (Gradient) Feet/mile 2. Using the “Mount Rainier” topographic map (scale 1:100,000; contour interval 50 meters), calculate the gradient of Mount Rainier (46.8529° N, 121.7604° W) along line CD, from the 1500 contour (near Point C) toward the summit. NOTE: On this map elevation is recorded in meters! (On the edge of a piece of paper you can measure out a distance of 5 miles using the graphic map scale in the bottom right corner of the map, and then determine the elevation change over that distance.) f. Record elevation by point C (near Iron Mountain) _6,050______________ meters g. Draw the CD line and record elevation near the summit (beneath the letters Mt Rainier) along the CD line _____4400____________meters h. Find the elevation change (difference) ______1650_______________meters i. Convert the elevation change from meters (The International System of Units) into feet (English Units) by multiplying by 3.2808 __________5413.386_______________feet j. The distance between your recorded elevations should be approximately 5 miles k. Calculate the gradient and show your work below 1650 (Elevation Change) feet ÷ 5 (Number of Miles) = 330 (Gradient) Feet/mile 3. Using the “Capulin Volcano, New Mexico” topographic map that is overlaid with Orthoimagery (scale 1:24,000; contour interval 20 feet), calculate the gradient of Capulin Mountain (36.7822° N, 103.9700° W) from the north base of the cone (near the 7200_ contour) toward the crater rim. (On the edge of a piece of paper you can measure out a distance of 0.4 miles using the graphic map scale in the bottom left corner of the map, and then determine the elevation change over that distance.) Perform the similar steps as described in #1 and record your work below. 1000 (Elevation Change) feet ÷ 6 (Number of Miles) = 166.6 (Gradient) Feet/mile 4. (a) Which of the three volcanoes has the steepest slope? Mount Rainier has the steepest slope because it is the tallest mountain/volcano. (b) Why? Describe how it was formed: Mt. Rainier has undergone many different eruptions in the past 500,000 years. Each of these eruptions adds to the volcanos mass and shape, giving it a peak like most volcanoes. (c) Which of the three volcanoes has the gentlest slope? Mauna Loa Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 5 of 8

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr b. Construct topographic profiles for the volcanoes using the respective topographic maps and the graphs (below).  The Mauna Loa map: Draw the line from point A to point B. Make a mark at every 5 miles on that line. Determine elevations at your marks. Plot those elevations on the graph below. Connect the dots to create a profile.  The Mount Rainier map: Draw the line from point C to point D. Make a mark at every 2 miles on that line. Determine elevations at your marks. Plot those elevations on the graph above. Connect the dots to create a profile.  Which volcano has the gentlest slope: Mauna Loa or Mount Rainier?_ After (roughly) drawing out the two volanoes, I realized the Mount Rainier’s slope is actually a lot smaller compared to Mauna Lao’s. Does it correlate with your findings based on the slope gradient calculations completed in Exercise 2?_ Sadly, it does not, but I’m still happy to find that Mauna Loa is a surprisingly drastic amount steeper than Mount Rainier. Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 7 of 8

GES1010 Physical Geography: Landforms NAME: Amelia Parr Exercise 4. Volcanic Hazards. This virtual field trip examines the potential hazard posed by Mount Rainier. Our thanks to Kim Carsell , graduate of the CU Colorado Springs geography department, for a fabulous web page !!!! Getting there : Go to the following site: https://ges.uccs.edu/rainier What To Do Once You Get There a. Read through the entire module (this should take about 1 hour). Note that this information will also be useful in your Discussion forum “ Living with Volcanoes .” b. Complete the following activities: (1) After you will have read through the Lesson 1 – Geographical Context , go to Canvas : http://canvas.uccs.edu/ and proceed to the GES 1010 OL1 course. Click on “Modules,” then “Learning Module 1,” and “ Lab 4: Lesson 1 .” In Canvas, answer Review Questions 1-5. (2) Read through Lesson 2 – Mount Rainier’s Hazards (a) Click on Review Questions and do the Exercise : 1) print the map found at https://ges.uccs.edu/rainier/hazards/review_2/rivers2 2) define and map (on the map you print out) the following hazards: a) tephra fall b) lava flow c) pyroclastic flow d) lahars Lab 4: Volcanism – Page 8 of 8