10- Landforms

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University of Alberta *

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201

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Geography

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Oct 30, 2023

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49

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Landforms
Learning Goals • By the end of this topic you should be able to: • Explain the difference between a landform and a terrain • Discuss the processes and forces involved in the creation and destruction of landforms • Describe how particular landforms are indicative of specific environments and forces • Explain why the Earth has not weathered and eroded to a flat, even surface (i.e., why do landforms still exist?)
What is a landform?
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Mountains Hills A landform is a feature of the surface of the Earth. Positive landforms What is the difference between a mountain and a hill?
Valleys Canyons Negative landforms What is the difference between a canyon and a valley?
Flat landforms Plains Plateaus
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The collection of landforms in an area make up a given terrain.
Some terrains are flat.
Some terrains are undulating or rolling.
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Some terrains are rugged.
The relief across a terrain may be described as: High Low Moderate
The slopes in these terrains may be described as: Shallow Steep Moderate
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Mountainous terrains have high, rugged relief and steep slopes
Hilly terrains have moderate, rolling relief with gentle slopes
Flat terrains may slope gently or undulate
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Some terrains are mixed Flat, gentle slope Steep, rugged Rolling hills
The details of terrains (distribution of landforms) are shown on topographic maps . https://www.justtrails.com/ Klondike lake Sugarloaf Mnt
How do landforms form?
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Geologic processes cause portions of the land surface to move up or down relative to adjacent areas. Upward movement = uplift Downward movement = subsidence
A major cause of uplift and subsidence is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics squeezes and stretches the lithosphere in different places around the world.
Places where two plates meet are called plate boundaries . Boundaries are named based on the relative motion of the plates on either side of the boundary: Divergent Plates move away from each other Convergent Plates move towards each other Transform Plates grind past each other laterally
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Ocean-continent and continent-continent convergence produces mountains through squeezing the crust.
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Convergence can also result in volcanism, which causes volcanic uplift. Volcanic Arc & mountains
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Volcanic uplift is the result of: • Material being added to the surface • Hot rocks (at and below the surface) take up more space
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Uplift can also happen at divergent boundaries: • New material added to the surface • Hot rocks take up more space • Newly added material moves away from ridge, cools and contracts Cooling = Decrease in elevation Cooling = Decrease in elevation
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Subsidence can be caused by stretching the crust (rifting/divergence) Stretching pulls the lithosphere apart, causing it to thin and the centre to drop (subsidence), producing a rift valley. Continued divergence may produce a new ocean. Initially, hot, rising rocks cause uplift Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust.
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Subsidence also occurs when a load is added to the crust. Crust Mountain Load = downward force. Crust flexes downward in response = subsidence.
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Subsidence can occur when materials are removed from the crust Wikipedia.org
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Uplift and subsidence produce relief (differences in elevation) across a terrain
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Wherever relief develops, rocks are subjected to weathering and erosion. eschooltoday.com Weathering breaks down rocks Erosion transports sediment downhill
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Weathered and eroded materials eventually get deposited.
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The shape of landforms are modified by weathering, erosion, and deposition. Drew Point, Alaska https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/coastal-flood-risk/coastal-erosion
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Erosion and deposition redistribute rock on Earth, stripping it from high spots and piling it up in low spots.
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Even though weathering, erosion, and deposition have operated on Earth for billions of years, Earth is not flat. Ongoing uplift and subsidence continue to move rocks up and down, changing the shape of the land.
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What factors control the formation of landforms?
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Landforms produced through plate tectonics are called tectonic landforms
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Landforms produced through volcanism are called volcanic landforms
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Landforms produced through erosion are called erosional landforms
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Landforms produced through sediment deposition are called depositional landforms
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The specific landforms that develop in an area are the result of: 1. Eroding agent Water Air Ice Moving water, air, and ice produce landforms with different shapes because they carve into the land and carry the debris differently.
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River Valley Glacial Valley U-shaped V-shaped
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Wind Deposits Glacial Deposits Poorly sorted, range of sizes Well sorted, small clasts
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2. Relief The height and steepness of slopes determines whether rocks or soil will stay in place or tumble downslope, and how fast. (Controls velocity of water and ice.)
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3. Climate Climate factors (wind, rain, snow, temperature, etc.) determine whether flowing ice, wind or water is the main agent of erosion and deposition. Climate also affects the rate of weathering.
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4. Substrate composition Some earth materials are more resistant to erosion than others and can form steep cliffs. Weak materials collapse and form gentle slopes.
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5. Life activity Some organisms weaken earth materials by burrowing through or digesting them; others help bind loose materials together (tree roots). The landforms that form in an area may be influenced by biological activity.
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Humans alter the landscape and influence landform development.
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6. Time Landscapes evolve over time in response to continued erosion or deposition.
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