Research Journal

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Apr 3, 2024

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Research Journal and Article Summary Aaliyah R. Davis Stevenson University FSCI 761: Thesis and Presentation Professor Hugh Hayes 03/03/2024

Research Journal and Article Summary Week 1 : Figuring out the main point of research and how to name the research. I wanted to include a question to highlight improvement and give the name room for corrections in the future, which was a personal goal. I produced forensic Odontology and then narrowed it down to what effect forensic Odontology has on society and how it will be affected if it improves (personal goal). I hope to shed light on the situation and conclude that everyone uses one method to get the same results. Week 2: Look at different definitions of forensic Odontology and understand the entire process. I want to understand why this research needs to be done. I created three primary goals: improving findings and understanding their place in society, comprehending the research, and devising one method of examining teeth using instruments to ensure accurate results. I also decided the location was in Dallas, TX, but I do not have access to a lab, so therefore the results will be based on which instrument will be the best according to research. Week 3 : Starting research by researching anatomage tables, computed tomography, and electron microscopy. The anatomage table fits in because it is a 3D program that observes the entire head. Computed tomography (CT) combines X-rays and images from inside the body. It allows the scientist to get different views of the subject and minimizes radiation. Electron microscopy helps identify the dental structure, especially those that are damaged. The next step is to determine which is better out of the three. Multiple forensic scientists use all these methods to try and identify the victim. After research, electron microscopy would be the best option because the anatomage table may not show the vessels, nerves, or internal body structures, or tissue color may differ (Alasmari, 2021). A dental CT scan does not provide a complete diagnosis of the muscles, nodes, or nerves (Perdido Bay Dental, 2018). Electron microscopy can only produce black-and-white images, which are massive in a laboratory. However, it creates

high-quality images with higher resolutions than the others regarding details. (Junior et al., 2018): Charred: Forensic dental identification and scanning electron microscope; images were scanned through SEM to see if the dental fragments matched the victim's chart. I also researched famous cases where forensic Odontology was used. A famous case was Ted Bundy, "The Charming Killer," and "Angel of Death." Week 4: Coming up with the name CorpseDentistry for the research. The name speaks for itself. Now, we will focus on the DNA from the pulp chamber and how it functions. This is a method they use to identify a victim. Enamel rods are like fingerprints when it comes to originality. The mandibular bone can be removed to identify gender and age. This could be done at the beginning of the experiment to get a head start on information on a victim when the tooth is damaged. The DNA extract method uses PCR reagents by filtration and double restriction enzyme digestion to prevent pulp contamination. Week 5 : Understanding how to collect the teeth. Impressions, swabbing, acetate overlays (the outline and edges of teeth like a dentist molds teeth for dentures or crowns) and using an anatomage table in certain situations. Recognizing the cons in forensic Odontology that can be improved: Using CT can cause radiation exposure; the ABFO No.2 scale can be used more often, trying to have others attend the dentist and analyzing enamel rod patterns better. They are unique, so using one technique will help testers develop one solution. Week 6: Understanding it is a trial-and-error situation in research because every tooth is different, so finding the correct method will be based on research rather than evidence. The next step is to evaluate the methods with cold and missing cases. The dental pulp and electron microscopy were used to determine and confirm identity. Also, using cases that have already

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been solved to see if the method works. Do not want to destroy potential evidence or a case being solved. Week 7 : Noting all documentation, data collection, and analysis to ensure consistency and accuracy across different odontology cases and developing guidelines for properly handling and storing dental evidence. Update the training on forensic Odontology after the research. Compare and contrast different cases with ethnicities and characteristics. Week 8: Implement and expand dental databases for missing persons and unidentified remains. Emphasize the importance of ethical considerations in forensic Odontology. We are ensuring the reliability of the instruments and findings. Week 9 : Increasing public awareness about the role and victim identification. Encourage dental professionals to participate in forensic casework and contribute to the development of the field. Week 10 : I achieved my goals because I produced one method that can be used so that everyone will get similar answers and still use the backup methods in certain situations when needed. What could have helped is if I had access to a lab to get a feel of the research and understand precisely how things work and how much time it takes in real-time. I felt least prepared when it came to research because this is the most I have researched; however, I felt prepared for comparing because this has been an ongoing situation in the crime scene investigation field. Hence, it was easy to determine which method would work best in certain situations. Addressing these aspects, the field can continue to evolve and improve its effectiveness in aiding legal investigations. Ongoing collaboration, education, and technological advancements will improve its growth and reliability. I learned that even though terrible things happen in life, you can bring closure to that victim and the victim's family just by going against

the odds, taking a chance, and running tests. Every deceased person should be identified and treated like a human being.

References Calì, C., & Nuzzolese, E. (2022). The use of the Anatomage Table for improving forensic odontology education and training. Annals of 3D Printed Medicine , 7 (7), 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2022.100073 Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) . (n.d.). Stanfordhealthcare.org. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/c/ct- scan.html#:~:text=Computed%20tomography%20scan%20(CT%20or. Francesquini Júnior, L., Ulbricht, V., Martins, A., Silva, R., Pereira Neto, J., & Daruge Júnior, E. (2018). Charred: Forensic dental identification and scanning electron microscope. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences , 10 (3), 164. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfo.jfds_65_18) Perez, R., & BSDH. (2018, June 12). A Look at Forensic Dentistry & How Teeth Are Used to Identify a Person . Today’s RDH. https://www.todaysrdh.com/a-look-at-forensic- dentistry-how-teeth-are-used-to-identify-a-person/ Tran-Hung, L., Tran-Thi, N., Aboudharam, G., Raoult, D., & Drancourt, M. (2007). A New Method to Extract Dental Pulp DNA: Application to Universal Detection of Bacteria. PLoS ONE , 2 (10), e1062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001062

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Article Summary Article 1: The Anatomage Table can be used for facilities that do not have certain equipment. It is a tool that allows high-resolution, 3-D pictures of the head, skull, jaw, and teeth to be studied. The article has certain figures to represent how the tool works and highlights the different structures in 3D. It has different filters and settings that can be used to get the right picture. Virtual dissecting tools can also ensure that every angle of the head can be exposed. At one point, a scale was used to show the original size of the jaw. The conclusion is that it is an effective tool and can be used for a second opinion. Calì, C., & Nuzzolese, E. (2022). The use of the Anatomage Table for improving forensic odontology education and training. Annals of 3D Printed Medicine , 7 (7), 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2022.100073 Article 2 : Computed Tomography Scan article by Stanford Medicine. It defines a CT scan. It gives the reader a clear understanding of what it is and why it is used. Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) . (n.d.). Stanfordhealthcare.org. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-tests/c/ct-scan.html#:~:text=Computed %20tomography%20scan%20(CT%20or Article 3 : Forensic Odontology: National Library of Medicine. This article explains forensic Odontology and why it is essential in certain circumstances. It lists the responsibilities of odontologists, explains the age and gender aspect of it, how teeth can be damaged from habits such as smoking, and more. It also explains how bite mark evidence can be used in this field. A considerable part of this article is about how to manage those teeth that have been damaged. Dealing with evidence is already fragile, so dealing with evidence that has been destroyed, in a sense, is even worse. It also gives a little background on how the teeth have helped domestic violence and child abuse cases.

Forensic Odontology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics . (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/forensic- odontology#:~:text=Forensic%20odontology%20is%20a%20branch Article 4 : Current trends in forensic Odontology: National Library of Medicine. This article gives background on how teeth are the most critical parts of the body. Dental patterns are compared to fingerprints multiple times in this article. It discusses how dental maintenance can help a case because the victim's teeth can be compared to their records. It gives some information on bite marks, DNA analysis, and cheiloscopy. Cheiloscopy is a technique that deals with human lip traces. Lip traces do not change in a person. It gives deep information on facial reconstruction, identification methods, and comparison. This article lists how forensic Odontology can be used and how it needs to be documented to help future investigations— especially in dental facilities. Jeddy, N., Ravi, S., & Radhika, T. (2017). Current trends in forensic Odontology. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences , 9 (3), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfo.jfds_85_16 Article 5 : Collection and Preservation of Evidence: Crime Scene Investigator Network. It explains how evidence is collected, such as liquid items, solids, and arson evidence. It gives details of what kind of conditions work best with specific evidence. For example, there is a section for bite marks, fingernails, documents, and body fluids. There is a section for every type of evidence that can be recorded. It shows us the methods they use and why they use them the way that they do. Schiro, G. (2018). Collection and Preservation of Evidence, Part III . Crime-Scene- Investigator.net. https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/evidenc3.html

Article 6: How Do Dental Records Work? Forensic Dentistry Explained. The article starts with an overview of dental records and how they operate. It then goes into forensic Odontology and how that helps the field. Dental records are essential in forensic Odontology and aid in finding the victim. Understanding Dental Records | Richmond Dental & Medical . (2023, July 13). Richmond Premium Dental & Medical Products. https://richmonddental.net/library/how-do-dental-records- work-forensic-dentistry-explained/#:~:text=Confirmation%20of%20Identity&text=By %20comparing%20dental%20records%20with Article 7 : Role of Forensic Odontology in Identification. This article gives information on layers of teeth and what they can manage when it comes to destruction. It explains the purpose of Odontology and breaks down the differences in race, gender, age, and bitemarks. www.expertcodelab.com, E. C. L. P. L. (2020, February 10). Role of Forensic Odontology in Identification . Www.sifs.in. https://www.sifs.in/blog-details/teeth:-an-unique- evidence-in-forensic-identification/45#:~:text=Significance%20of%20Teeth%20In%20Forensic Article 8: A Look at Forensic Dentistry & How Teeth Are Used to Identify a Person. This article explains in detail how the DNA from the pulp chamber, enamel rod patterns, amelogenin genes, radiographs, and lights identify a victim, whether that victim is identifiable or not. Perez, R., & BSDH. (2018, June 12). A Look at Forensic Dentistry & How Teeth Are Used to Identify a Person . Today's RDH. https://www.todaysrdh.com/a-look-at-forensic-dentistry-how- teeth-are-used-to-identify-a-person/ Article 9 : A New Method to Extract Dental Pulp DNA: Application to Universal Detection of Bacteria. The background states the basics of dental pulp. It then goes into different

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methods and findings, including PCR Reagents, bacteria in teeth, and contamination. It gives insight into a new tool for collecting DNA from a tooth, all while not contaminating evidence. Tran-Hung, L., Tran-Thi, N., Aboudharam, G., Raoult, D., & Drancourt, M. (2007b). A New Method to Extract Dental Pulp DNA: Application to Universal Detection of Bacteria. PLoS ONE , 2 (10), e1062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001062 In conclusion, articles play a part in executing these methods and learning about teeth from a dental perspective. All the information meshes, even if it is the same. Some researchers can word the situation differently to understand its importance and why.

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