TOEFL - Mock Test 1 copy

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Universidad del Rosario *

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106

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English

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Jun 19, 2024

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pdf

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43

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208 MODEL TEST 1: PRETEST Reading 1 “Beowulf” P1 P4 Historical Background =» The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is the earliest existing Germanic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in Oid English, the tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which Germanic tribes emigrated to England. Beowulf comes from Geatland, the southeastern part of what is now Sweden. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives near what is now Leire, on Zealand, Denmark’s largest island. The Beowulf epic contains three majfr tales about Beowulf and several minor tales that reflect a rich Germanic oral tradition of myths, legends, and folklore. =» The Beowulf warriors have a foot in both the Bronze and Iron Ages. Their mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen, and their wooden shields, wood-shafted spears, and bronze-hilted swords are those of the Bronze Age warrior. However, they carry iron-tipped spears, and their best swords have iron or iron-edged blades. Beowulf also orders an iron shield for his fight with a dragon. Iron replaced bronze because it produced a blade with a cutting edge that was stronger and sharper. The Northmen learned how to forge iron in about 500 8.c. Although they had been superior to the European Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make and design iron work. Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the form of “bog-iron” found in the layers of peat in peat bogs. The Beowulf epic also reveals interesting aspects of the lives of the Anglo- Saxons who lived in England at the time of the anonymous Beowulf poet. The Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, invaded England from about A.0. 450 to 600. By the time of the Beowulf poet, Anglo- Saxon society in England was neither primitive nor uncultured. (Al =» Although the Beowulf manuscript was written in about A.0. 1000, it was not discovered until the seventeenth century. [B! Scholars do not know whether Beowulf is the sole surviving epic from a flourishing Anglo-Saxon literary period that produced other great epics or whether it was unique even in its own time. [C] Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime between the late seventh century and the early ninth century. If they are correct, the original manuscript was probably lost during the ninth-century Viking inva- sions of Anglia, in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their great libraries. However, other scholars think that the poet’s favor- able attitude toward the Danes must place the epic's composition after the Viking invasions and at the start of the eleventh century, when this Beowulf manuscript was written.
READING SECTION 209 [E] =» The identity of the Beowulf poet is also uncertain. [Q! He apparently was a Christian who loved the pagan heroic tradition of his ancestors and blended the values of the pagan hero with the Christian values of his own country and time. Because he wrote in the Anglian dialect, he probably was either a monk in a monastery or a poet in an Anglo-Saxon court located north of the Thames River. Appeal and Value Beowulf interests contemporary readers for many reasons. First, it is an outstanding adventure story. Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon are marvelous characters, and each fight is unique, action-packed, and exciting. Second, Beowulf is a very appealing hero. He is the perfect warrior, combining extraordinary strength, skill, courage, and loyalty. Like Hercules, he devotes his life to making the world a safer place. He chooses to risk death in order to help other people, and he faces his inevitable death with heroism and dignity. Third, the Beowulf poet is interested in the psychological aspects of human behavior. For example, the Danish hero's welcoming speech illustrates his jealousy of Beowulf. The behavior of Beowulf's warriors in the dragon fight reveals their cowardice. Beowulf's attitudes toward heroism reflect his matu- rity and experience, while King Hrothgar's attitudes toward life show the expe- riences of an aged nobleman. 3] @ Finally, the Beowulf poet exhibits a mature appreciation of the transitory nature of human life and achievement. In Beowulf, as in the major epics of other cultures, the hero must create a meaningful life in a world that is often danger- ous and uncaring. He must accept the inevitability of death. He chooses to reject despair; instead, he takes pride in himself and in his accomplishments, and he values human relationships. 1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Beowulf? @ [t is the only manuscript from the Anglo-Saxon period. @ The original story was written in a German dialect. @ The author did not sign his name to the poem. @ It is one of several epics from the first century. Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [=]. 2. The word major in the passage is closest in meaning to @ Dbasic @ principal @ distinct @ current
210 MODEL TEST 1: PRETEST 3. 4. 5. Why does the author mention “bog-iron” in paragraph 27 @ To demonstrate the availability of iron in Scandinavia @ To prove that iron was better than bronze for weapons @ To argue that the Celts provided the materials to make iron @ To suggest that 500 s.c. was the date that the Iron Age began Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [-]. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. @ Society in Anglo-Saxon England was both advanced and cultured. @ The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive or cultured. @ The Anglo-Saxons had a society that was primitive, not cultured. @ England during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced, not cultured. The word unique in the passage is closest in meaning to @ old @ rare @ perfect @ weak According to paragraph 4, why do many scholars believe that the original manuscript for Beowulf was lost? & Because it is not like other manuscripts @ Because many libraries were burned @ Because the Danes were allies of the Anglo-Saxons @ Because no copies were found in monasteries Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [->]. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that Beowulf was discovered in which century? @ first century @ ninth century @© eleventh century @ seventeenth century Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [-].
10. 11. 12. READING SECTION . Why does the author of this passage use the word “apparently” in paragraph 5? @ He is not certain that the author of Beowulf was a Christian. @ He is mentioning facts that are obvious to the readers. @© He is giving an example from a historical reference. @ He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf. Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [=)]. . Why did the author compare the Beowulf character to Hercules? @ They are both examples of the ideal hero. @ Their adventures with a dragon are very similar. @© The speeches that they make are inspiring. @ They lived at about the same time. The word exhibits in the passage is closest in meaning to @ creates @ demonstrates @© assumes @ terminates The word reject in the passage is closest in meaning to @ manage @ evaluate @ refuse @ confront Look at the four squares [IB] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowulf is a copy of an earlier manuscript. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square ] to insert the sentence in the passage. n
212 MODEL TEST 1: PRETEST 13. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Com- plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most impor- tant points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Beowulf is the oldest Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day. Answer Choices Al The Northmen were adept in crafting tools and weapons made of bronze, but the Celts were superior in designing and working in ron. [B! In the Viking invasions of England, the Danish armies destroyed monastenes, some of which contained extensive lhibranes. Cl King Hrothgar and Beowulf become friends at the end of their lives, after having spent decades opposing each other on the battiefield. The poem chronicles life in Anglo-Saxon society during the Bronze and kon Ages when Germanic tribes were invading England. [E] Aithough Beowulf was written by an anonymous poet, probably a Christian, about A.0. 1000, it was not found until the seventeenth cantury. [E] Beowutf is still interesting because it has engaging characters, an adventurous plot, and an appreciation for human behavior and relationships.
READING SECTION 2% Reading 2 “Thermoregutation” [P1] < Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38°C for most mammais and 39-42°C for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammails must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanssm is the hagh metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of meta- bolic heat that replace the fiow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscie activity as moving or shivering. in some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat nstead of ATP, Thws nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold envi- ronments can increase their metabokc heat production by as much as S to 10 times above the mimmal levels that occur In warm condibons. P2| =» Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and brrds is insulation (har, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammails and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping a thicker layer of air. Al Humans rely more on a layer of fat just beneath the skin as insulation; oose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising left over from our furry ancestors. 8! Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heat exchange and may contribute to regional temperature differences within the animal. [C For exam- ple, heat 0ss from a human IS regucea wnen arms ana legs cool 10 several Oeqeesdbelowthemmperam of the body core, where most vital organs are located. «<» Hair loses most of its mnsulating power when wet. Manne mammals such as whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulaton fat called blubber, just under the skin. Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core temperature, and many species spend at least part of the year in nearly freezing polar seas. The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapadly than heat loss to ar, and the slkon temperature of a manne mammal is close to water temperature. Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective that manne mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38°C with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of simdar size. The flippers or tad of a whale or seal lack insulating blubber, but countercurrent heat exchangers greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many bwds. 3]
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