1.11 Study Objectives - Normand (2008)
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University of South Florida *
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Communications
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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Please Note: Unless you are asked to provide a definition, answers to the following must be in your own words (i.e., paraphrased) from the readings. Not only does this help avoid plagiarism, but this will also absolutely be necessary in completing major written assignments for this course. Plagiarism of source material will result in a score of zero for the assignment. Additional sanctions will be imposed for repeated issues.
Normand (2008)
Please Note: Be sure to address each component of each question to obtain full credit on this assignment. Points will be deducted for incomplete responses. Additionally,
unless you are asked to provide a definition, answers to the following must be in your own words (i.e., paraphrased) from the readings. Not only does this help avoid plagiarism, but this will also be necessary in completing major written assignments for this course. Plagiarism of source material will result in a score of zero for the assignment. Additional sanctions will be imposed for repeated issues.
1.
What does skepticism not
mean? What does
skepticism mean?
Skepticism does not mean that we will be doubting the validity of everything or being cynical. The true meaning of skepticism is that we will judge the validity of a claim based on objective empirical evidence. Besides that, skepticism means examining the available evidence before reaching a decision or withholding judgement until sufficient evidence is had. 2.
Who does Normand describe as the target audience for this paper?
The target audiences for this paper are behavior analysts in practice who are likely to encounter various pseudoscientific claims in the course of their work and might not identify themselves as scientists. 3.
Briefly describe what the following are and how they relate to the scientific standards of evidence
in the practice of behavior analysis. That is, how are the following used to obtain a high standard of evidence in behavior analysis?
a.
Interobserver agreement is the consistency of observations between different observers coding the same behavior to ensures objectivity and reduces bias. IOS increase the reliability and internal validity of the findings. b.
Experimental design: is the systematic arrangement of conditions to investigate the effects of independent variables on behavior. A well-designed experiments enhance the internal validity of the research, providing a strong foundation. c.
Replication and self-correction: replication is repeating the study under similar conditions
to see if the original findings can be reproduced, while self-correction refers to openly acknowledging and correcting errors in methodology or interpretation. They contribute ti the reliability and validity of the evidence base in behavior analysis, proting a high standard of scientific rigor. 4.
What is pseudoscience? Briefly describe how the following are illustrative of pseudoscience:
Pseudoscience is the beliefs or practices that claim to be scientific but lack of reliable evidence. a.
He said, she said: rely on anecdotal evidence or personal testimonial to support a claim without objective data or controlled observation. Pseudoscience often relies on individual
stories or subjective experiences. b.
The unfalsifiable claim: the hypothesis that cannot be proven false or tested through empirical evidence. c.
The dull edge of science: this concept is about borrow terminology or concepts from real science but misapply or distort them. 5.
Briefly describe facilitated communication (FC). (2-4 sentences)
Facilitated communication is a method aims to assist patients with communication disorders. The method employs a facilitator to support patient’s individual expression. This method has Summer 2022
Please Note: Unless you are asked to provide a definition, answers to the following must be in your own words (i.e., paraphrased) from the readings. Not only does this help avoid plagiarism, but this will also absolutely be necessary in completing major written assignments for this course. Plagiarism of source material will result in a score of zero for the assignment. Additional sanctions will be imposed for repeated issues.
been widely criticized by the scientific community due to lack of scientific evidence, risk of influence, and ethical concern. 6.
In your own words, what does it mean to be a scientist-practitioner? (2-3 sentences)
I believe that being a scientist-practitioner means that a person must be engaging in research and applying that research at the same time. A scientist-practitioner to me is a kind of scientist that has to be more careful, more experience as he or she must employ methods proven by strong practical evidence. A scientist-practitioner can also contribute greatly to the research community compared to a traditional scientist as he or she will gain extra knowledge
through professional experience. 7.
What is the relation of the core ethical principle of “Do no harm” discussed in this paper? That is,
given that Normand (2008) argues that pseudoscientific practices can and have produced harm, how does he say that informed behavior analysts should respond to pseudoscientific claims in their area of practice?
In this paper, “do no harm” is considered to be the credo of the helping professions, thus, a credo for behavior analysts in practice. Furthermore, Normand also argues that informed behavior analysts must detect and protect people from pseudoscientific practices. Summer 2022
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