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TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Lab Report Number: 02 Aggregates (I & II) CE 2201-Materials for Constructed Facilities (Spring 2024) Section: 303 Group Number 04 Members: Jordan Duarte Israel Gonzales Riaz Ogunleye Holden Slaton Date: 03, 05 2024
ii Member Contribution Statement Jordan Duarte: Introduction, Results and Calculations Israel Gonzales: Theory, Conclusion Riaz Ogunleye: Discussion, Materials, Test Equipment Holden Slaton: Procedure, References
iii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………..………………………………………..iv LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………..iv INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...1 THEORY………………………………………………………………………………………..2-4 TEST EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………………………5 MATERIALS……………………………………………………………………………...………6 PROCEDURE…………………………………………………………………………………..7-8 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS……………………………………..……………………9-14 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………………15 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..………………16 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..………………17
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iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Particle Distribution Curve of Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample ............................... 8 Figure 2: Particle Distribution Curve of Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample .................................. 12 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sieve Analysis for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample ................................................... 8 Table 2: Large Container Weights with and without Aggregates for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Table 3: Dried and Submerged Weight for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample ........................... 9 Table 4: Bulk Weight Results for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample ......................................... 9 Table 5: Sieve Analysis for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample ...................................................... 12 Table 6: Small Container Weights with and without Aggregates for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 7: Bulk Weight Results for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample ............................................ 13
1 INTRODUCTION The experiment performed was a sieve analysis on a sample of aggregates. This experiment's purpose was to determine the moisture content, bulk unit weight, specific gravity, and absorption on the same aggregate sample used throughout each test. Using this data calculated, a sieve analysis, particle distribution curve, and void ratio can be created to find more information about the aggregates used. With construction sites, a sieve analysis determines the soil mechanic properties which is an essential step to determine whether the ground is buildable on. As for specific gravity and absorption of aggregates, it is essential information for concrete mix designs used to improve properties such as strength and durability.
2 THEORY For this lab, the objective was to analyze aggregate samples using different metrics. These include bulk unit weight, moisture content, absorption percentage, fineness modulus. Moisture content: this is the amount of water present in each aggregate sample. This allows us to understand the amount of water held in the aggregate, which allows for analyzing the samples' useability and applications. Bulk unit weight: this is the weight of the volume of the sample. This provides an understanding of the density of the material. Saturated Surface Dry (SSD): this is the state of a sample that is achieved when the sample is soaked in water, then dried to the point that it looks dull, showing a removal of surface water from when it was submerged (SUB). Sieve analysis: this is the process of passing aggregate samples through different-sized stacked sieves. This gives a clear understanding of how much of each size is in the sample. We predict that there will be a decrease in passing percentage from 100% to 0% in sieve analysis. Multiple specific gravities were calculated for the specimen. These were Bulk specific gravity for the dry specimen, bulk specific gravity for saturated surface dry, and apparent specific gravity. The formulas for these calculations are listed below. Along with these calculations, after sieve analysis had been performed, a grain size distribution curve was created. The equation used to calculate the Moisture content is given below. ௐ ೌ೔ೝ ିௐ ೀವ ௐ ೀವ Equation 1
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3 where 𝑊 ௔௜௥ is the weight of the container + air dried aggregate, and 𝑊 ை஽ is the weight of the container + oven dried aggregate. Dry Bulk Unit Weight is calculated using the following equation: ௐ ್ೠ೎ೖ೐೟ శ ೌ೒೒ ି ௐ ್ೠ೎ೖ೐೟ ௏ ್ೠ೎ೖ೐೟ × 100% Equation 2 where 𝑊 ௕௨௖௞௘௧ ା ௔௚௚ is the weight of the bucket + aggregate, 𝑊 ௕௨௖௞௘௧ is the weight of the bucket, and 𝑉 ௕௨௖௞௘௧ is the volume of the bucket. Absorption is calculated using the formula below. ௐ ೄೄವ ି ௐ ೀವ ௐ ೀವ × 100% Equation 3 Where 𝑊 ௌௌ஽ is the weight of the surface saturated dry aggregate. Bulk specific gravity is calculated using the formulas below. (𝐷𝑅𝑌) ௐ ೀವ ௐ ೄೄವ ିௐ ೄೆಳ Equation 4 (𝑆𝑆𝐷) ௐ ೄೄವ ௐ ೄೄವ ିௐ ೄೆಳ Equation 5 Where 𝑊 ௌ௎஻ is the submerged weight of the bucket + aggregate. Apparent specific gravity is calculated using the formula below. ௐ ೀವ ௐ ೀವ ି ௐ ೄೆಳ Equation 6
4 This is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of substance. Percent solid and percent voids are calculated using the formulas below. Percent solid = ௏ ೞ೚೗೔೏ೞ ௏ ೟೚೟ೌ೗ × 100% Percent voids = ௏ ೡ೚೔೏ೞ ௏ ೟೚೟ೌ೗ × 100% Fineness modulus is calculated using the formula below. ∑(𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 %) 100
5 TEST EQUIPMENT Sieve Shaker for coarse aggregate separates the coarse aggregate by size by shaking the different sieves. Sieve Shaker for fine aggregate separates the coarse aggregate by size by shaking the different sieves. Timer: measured the length of the sieve shaker process Scale: measured the weight of each aggregate sample Coarse aggregate sieves: Used to separate aggregate sizes (1.5”,1’,½",¼”,3/8”,#4) Fine aggregate sieves: Used to separate aggregate sizes (#4,#8,#16,#30,#100) Tamping rod: used to mix samples Pan: collects the final aggregate after the last sieve Towels: Used to dry off submerged aggregate to find SSD
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6 MATERIALS Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Water
7 PROCEDURE Aggregate A 1. Record mass of a small empty container in pounds (lb). 2. Fill the small container with sand (Fine Aggregate) and record the mass in pounds (lb). 3. Record the mass of a large empty container in pounds (lb) 4. Fill the large container with crushed stone (coarse aggregate) then weigh the container filled. Make sure to record the answer in pounds (lb) 5. Place the containers in a laboratory oven and let it sit for 24 hours at 110*C. 6. The next day the aggregates will be oven dry with no moisture present. 7. Remove the container from the oven and record the weight of the oven-dry aggregates. 8. When the weight is recorded, determine the weight of water lost by the oven-drying process. 9. Find the moisture content of the in-situ stockpile to find percent of the oven dried weight. Make sure to compact aggregates using a tamping rod with one stroke every 3 rd of the empty container. Make sure there is no empty space in the container and use the tamping rod to prevent overflow. Then record the mass of the container filled with aggregate. 10. Stack the sieves together from smallest aperture to the largest aperture on a thermogravimetric. 11. Put the aggregate on the top sieve (largest) and place the lid on. 12. Perform the sieving procedure using the thermogravimetric 13. Once finished remove each sieve and weigh them individually with contained aggregates. Record them onto a table.
8 14. Calculate the percentage between the total mass, cumulative percentage, and passing percentage. 15. Before leaving the lab fill a pan up with in-situ stockpile coarse aggregates then submerge it in water and let it sit for one week. Aggregate B 1. The coarse aggregate has been submerged in water for one week. 2. Place the coarse aggregates on a dry towel and dry them until there is no visible water on the crushed stone. 3. Measure the weight of the saturated sample in air mass conditions in pounds (lb). 4. Measure the underwater weight of the SSD sample when the container is completely submerged underwater. 5. Empty the saturated sample into a pan 6. Measure the new weight of the saturated sample in pounds (lb). 7. Given the moisture content percent at SSD condition you will be able to find what state the sample is given the moisture content 8. Calculate the Bulk Density by (Weight of oven dry/ (Weight of SSD-Weight of submerged)) 9. Calculate Bulk SSD Specific gravity by (Weight of SSD)/ (Weight of SSD- Weight of submerged) 10. Calculate Apparent Specific Gravity by (Weight of oven dry)/ (Weight of oven dry- Weight of submerged)
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9 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS Coarse-Grained Results and Calculations: Table 1: Sieve Analysis for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below is a sieve analysis of the coarse-grained aggregate sample showing the aggregate weight, aggregate retained, percent retained, cumulative percent retained, and cumulative percent passing correlated to each sieve size. Figure 1: Particle Distribution Curve of Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample The graph above is a particle distribution curve for the coarse aggregate sample showing the correlation between Percent Finer (cumulative percent passing) and Sieve Size of each container.
10 Table 2: Large Container Weights with and without Aggregates for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below shows the different large container weights, consisting of the empty container, large containers with dry and wet aggregates, and the weights of the dry and wet aggregates. Aggregate Weight: Large Container with Dry Aggregate – Empty Large Container = 60.60 - 13.35 = 47.25 lbs. Table 3: Dried and Submerged Weight for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below shows the oven dried, saturated surface dry, and submerged weights for the coarse aggregate sample. Table 4: Bulk Weight Results for Coarse-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below shows the bulk weight results consisting of bulk unit weight, moisture content, the different aggregate sizes, absorption, specific gravity weights, and percent solids and voids in the volume.
11 W OD = Weight of Oven Dried Coarse Aggregate W SSD = Weight of Saturated Surface Dry Coarse Aggregate W Sub. = Weight of Submerged Coarse Aggregate Bulk Unit Weight: 𝑊 ௔௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘௦ 𝑉 ௕௨௖௞௘௧ = 47.25𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 3 𝑓𝑡 ଷ = 141.75 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 ଷ Moisture Content Percentage: ൫𝑊 ௪௘௧ ௔௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ − 𝑊 ை௩௘௡ ஽௥௬ ஺௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ ൯ 𝑊 ை௩௘௡ ஽௥௬ ஺௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ × 100 = (47.55 − 47.25) 47.25 × 100 = 0.634921% Absorption Percentage: 𝑊 ௌௌ஽ − 𝑊 ை஽ 𝑊 ை஽ × 100 = 5.2765 − 5.2405 5.2405 × 100 = 0.686957% Moisture Content vs. Absorption: 0.686957% = 0.634921% The values are close enough to be considered similar therefore the aggregate is saturated surface dry coarse aggregate. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity: 𝑊 ை஽ 𝑊 ௌௌ஽ − 𝑊 ௌ௨௕. = 5.2405 5.2765 − 1.946 = 1.573487 Bulk SSD Specific Gravity: 𝑊 ௌௌ஽ 𝑊 ௌௌ஽ − 𝑊 ௌ௨௕. = 5.2765 5.2765 − 1.946 = 1.584297
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12 Apparent Specific Gravity: 𝑊 ை஽ 𝑊 ை஽ − 𝑊 ௌ௨௕. = 5.2405 5.2405 − 1.946 = 1.590681 Percent Solids: 𝛾 ஻௨௟௞ 𝑆. 𝐺. (𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝐷𝑟𝑦) × 𝜌 ௪௔௧௘௥ × 100 = 13.8 1.573487 × 62.4 × 100 = 14.055% Percent Voids: 100 − % ௦௢௟௜ௗ௦ = 100 − 14.055 = 85.945%
13 Fine-Grained Results and Calculations: Table 5: Sieve Analysis for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below is a sieve analysis of the fine-grained aggregate sample showing the aggregate weight, aggregate retained, percent retained, cumulative percent retained, and cumulative percent passing correlated to each sieve size. Figure 2: Particle Distribution Curve of Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample The graph above is a particle distribution curve for the fine aggregate sample showing the correlation between Percent Finer (cumulative percent passing) and Sieve Size of each container.
14 Table 6: Small Container Weights with and without Aggregates for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below shows the different small container weights, consisting of the empty container, large containers with dry and wet aggregates, and the weights of the dry and wet aggregates. Aggregate Weight: Small Container with Dry Aggregate – Empty Small Container = 16.116 - 6 = 10.116 lbs. Table 7: Bulk Weight Results for Fine-Grained Aggregate Sample The table below shows the bulk weight results consisting of bulk unit weight, moisture content, and Fineness Modulus. Bulk Unit Weight: 𝑊 ௔௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘௦ 𝑉 ௕௨௖௞௘௧ = 10.116𝑙𝑏𝑠 1 3 𝑓𝑡 ଷ = 30.348 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 ଷ Moisture Content Percentage: ൫𝑊 ௪௘௧ ௔௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ − 𝑊 ை௩௘௡ ஽௥௬ ஺௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ ൯ 𝑊 ை௩௘௡ ஽௥௬ ஺௚௚௥௘௚௔௧௘ × 100 = (10.326 − 10.116) 10.116 × 100 = 2.076% Fineness Modulus: Percent Retained / 100 = 100.786/100 = 1.00786%
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15 DISCUSSION Experiments 5 and 6 were conducted to improve understanding in analyzing aggregate samples. These experiments considered factors like size, saturations, and absorption properties. In Experiment 5 the procedure involved sieving a sample and noting the weights retained on each sieve. Important data points such as percentage retained cumulative percentage retained, passing percentages, bulk density and moisture content were calculated. The results observed matched the expected outcomes with a decrease in passing percentage from 100% to 0%. Building upon Experiment 5, Experiment 6 delved deeper into assessing the gravities of samples under varying saturation levels and determining their capacity for absorption. By measuring the weights of aggregates in four moisture conditions it was determined that the Moisture Content is 0.686957% and the absorption rate is around 0.634921%. These values closely align with each other indicating that the aggregate consists of saturated surface dry coarse aggregate.
16 CONCLUSION After obtaining the weights of the aggregate in Oven Dry (OD), Saturated Surface Dry (SSD), and submerged, many of the aggregate’s properties can be calculated. Using the weights determined, the moisture content was obtainable, absorption percentage, bulk unit dry weight, and the specific gravity of the sample. By using the sieve, the physical characteristics of the aggregate sample, such as the fineness modulus can be determined. The experiment proves. that through tests of physical properties and characteristics, an aggregate can be analyzed and all of its properties can be determined.
17 REFERENCES [1] Micheal S. Mamlouk, John P. Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, 4th Edition, United States of America, Pearson Education, Inc., 2017
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18 By submitting this laboratory report as a group, we, the undersigned students, collectively agree that the content, findings, and conclusions presented in this report accurately represent our collaborative work and understanding of the experiment conducted. Jordan Duarte Riaz Ogunleye Israel Gonzales Holden Slaton
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