Group 4_Laboratory Report 4

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Civil Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Lab Report Number: 04 Testing of Metals CE 2201-Materials for Constructed Facilities (Spring 2024) Section: 303 Group Number 04 Members: Jordan Duarte Israel Gonzales Riaz Ogunkye Holden Slaton Date: 02/20/2024
ii Member Contribution Statement Jordan Duarte: Introduction, Results/Calculations, Figures/Tables Israel Gonzales: Discussion, Theory, Conclusion Riaz Ogunleye: Procedure, Materials/Equipment Holden Slaton: Procedure, Test equipment, Materials, Reference
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 THEORY ..................................................................................................................................... 2-3 TEST EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................................................... 4 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................. 5 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................. 6 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................... 7-13 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 14 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 15 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 16
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iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Steel Stress and Strain Curve .......................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Steel 0.2% Offset Stress and Strain Curve .................................................................... 10 Figure 3: Cast-iron Stress and Strain Curve ................................................................................. 12 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Steel Specimen Gauge length and diameter table ............................................................. 7 Table 2: Cast-iron Gauge length and diameter table .................................................................... 11 Table 3: Data Table Summary ...................................................................................................... 13
1 INTRODUCTION The experiment performed was a tension test conducted on a steel and cast-iron specimen to determine their strengths. This experiment's purpose was to determine the specific stress-strain values needed to conduct a stress-strain curve that will show the mechanical properties of the material. The data should include the specific stress-strain values, the percent elongation, and the percent area reduction needed to compare tensile strength of the two specimens. Metals are materials used in many support systems that undergo tension and compression, therefore these metals will need to be able to withstand many loads to be considered acceptable when being used for structures.
2 THEORY For this experiment the task was observing and recording the failure of Cast-Iron and Steel specimens using the tensile test with a UTS Testing Machine for Tensile Tests. A tensile test is a destructive testing process which provides information about the tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility of the tested material. It also measures the force required to break or cause failure of tested material by stretching or elongating it until its breaking point. It can be predicted that the ductile specimen (Steel) will be more resilient to failure compared to the brittle specimen (Cast- Iron). The equation used to calculate the modulus of elasticity is given below. 𝚬 = 𝝈 𝜺 Equation 1 where E is the modulus of elasticity, ε is strain, and σ is stress. Stress is calculated using the following equation: 𝝈 = 𝑷 𝑨 Equation 1 where σ is the stress, P is the applied load, and A is the cross-sectional area of the member. The stress in the member is found by substituting the known applied load into the equation along with the cross-sectional area measured. Destructive Strain is calculated using the following equation: 𝜀 = ∆௅ ௅ Equation 3 Where ε is strain, ΔL is change in length, and L is length. Percent area reduction is calculated using the following equation:
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3 ஺ బ ି஺ ೑ ஺ బ × 100 Equation 4 Where 𝐴 ଴ is area initial and 𝐴 ௙ is the final area. Percent elongation is calculated using the following equation: ൫௅ ೑ ି௅ బ ൯ ௅ బ Equation 5 Where 𝐿 ௙ is length final and 𝐿 ଴ is the initial length.
4 TEST EQUIPMENT 1. Caliper: Tool used to take accurate measurements 2. Extensometer: Placed on the testing machine to measure the change in distance after load applied 3. Tensile Test Machine: This Machine is used to apply a controlled load on specimens. Also called ASTM – E8 UTS or Universal test method. 4. Marking Hammer: Used to mark the gauge length on specimens 5. Ruler: Used to measure the length and diameter of specimens
5 MATERIALS 1. Steel Specimens (for ductile Tensile Test) 2. Cast Iron Specimen (for brittle Tensile Test)
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6 PROCEDURE In this experiment, two specimens were given, one composed of steel and the other composed of Cast Iron. Measurements were taken and recorded of the original diameter and gauge length for both specimens three separate times to get an average of [(Steel) D o =8.84mm, L o =50.0mm] and [(Cast Iron) D o =9.68mm, L o =50mm]. The gauge lengths were marked on each specimen by marking two points using a marking hammer and measured using calipers. Then an ASTM E8(tension) test for both the steel specimen and Cast-Iron Specimen to find the final diameter and gauge length [(Steel) D f =6.66mm, L f =55.45mm] and [(Cast Iron) D f =9.94mm, L f =50.3mm)] was conducted. The specimens were then carefully positioned on the UTS tensile test machine after recording all measurements. The extensometer was then used to record data throughout the test. The load was applied uniformly to each specimen by constantly cranking the lever until the specimen fractured. These results showed that Cast Iron is more brittle than Steel. After recording the data, the area of reduction formula using the original diameter and final diameter to find the percent of area reduction for both specimens was used. Then the original gauge length and final gauge length to find the percent of elongation for both specimens was used. Lastly, used was the yield equation for the stress and strain. The Area (A o ) for the formula area of a circle ((pi(D o )^2)/4) was substituted to find the yield.
7 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS Steel Specimen Results and Calculations: Table 1 . Steel Specimen Gauge length and diameter table This table shows the gauge length and diameter of the steel specimen before (Lo, Do) and after (Lf , Df ) the steel specimen underwent the tensile test. 1 2 3 Average Lo 50mm 50mm 50mm 50mm Lf 54.95mm 56.12mm 56.3mm 55.45mm Do 8.82mm 8.83mm 8.86mm 8.8367mm Df 6.69mm 6.41mm 6.90mm 6.66mm Steel Overall Extension and Load Meter data: This table shows the overall extension and load that the steel specimen went through. This data will be needed to calculate the stress and strain and make the stress-strain curve for this specimen. The data goes from the left table to the right table then down.
8 Steel Stress and Strain data: This table shows the stress and strain calculated from the data above, the area, and the original length of the specimen. This data will be needed to make the stress-strain curve for this specimen. The data goes from the left table to the right table then down.
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9 Figure 1. Steel Stress and Strain Curve This is the stress-strain curve for the steel specimen. The graph helps show where certain strengths are such as yield, ult., and rupture.
10 Figure 2. Steel 0.2% Offset Stress and Strain Curve This is the 0.2% offset stress-strain curve for the steel specimen. Cast-iron Specimen Results and Calculations: Table 2. Cast-iron Gauge length and diameter table This table shows the gauge length and diameter of the steel specimen before (Lo, Do) and after (Lf , Df ) the cast-iron specimen underwent the tensile test. 1 2 3 Average L o 50mm 50mm 50mm 50mm L f 50.82mm 49.94m 50.66mm 50.21m D o 9.68mm 9.68mm 9.68mm 9.68mm D f 9.90mm 9.94mm 9.88mm 9.91mm
11 Cast-iron Overall Extension and Load Meter data: This table shows the overall extension and load that the cast-iron specimen went through. This data will be needed to calculate the stress and strain and make the stress-strain curve for this specimen. Cast-iron Stress and Strain data: This table shows the stress and strain calculated from the data above, the area, and the original length of the specimen. This data will be needed to make the stress-strain curve for this specimen.
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12 Figure 3. Cast-iron Stress and Strain Curve This is the stress-strain curve for the cast-iron specimen. Due to the cast-iron being brittle, the specimen does not undergo elastic deformation therefore does not look like a regular stress-strain curve.
13 Table 3. Data Table Summary Below is a summary data table of important data needed for comparison between the steel and cast-iron specimens. Steel (Ductile) Cast-iron (Brittle) % Area Reduction 𝐷 ௢ ଶ − 𝐷 ௙ ଶ 𝐷 ௢ ଶ × 100 43.197% -4.8085% % Elongation 𝐿 ௙ − 𝐿 ௢ 𝐿 ௢ × 100 10.9% 0.42% Proportional Limit 0.898423252 0.148110524 Yield Strength 0.931034933 Brittle Material so N/A Ultimate Strength 1.071260859 0.2907858 Rupture Strength 0.728848713 0.2907858
14 DISCUSSION For this experiment, the task was to observe and record the failure of the Steel and Cast-Iron test specimens. There were expectations for how much force it would take to cause failure; It is inferred that the Steel (ductile) specimen would last longer than the Cast-Iron (brittle) specimen in the tensile test. Comparing Table 1: Steel (Ductile) Specimen Data and Table 2: Cast-Iron (Brittle) Specimen Data from the Results and Calculations section, the difference in the elongation and the change in diameter between the two specimens can be seen. Here, it seems that the ductile specimen (Steel) lasted longer and underwent more deformation before failure compared to the brittle specimen (Cast-Iron). Looking back at the data table summary for Steel and Cast-Iron, the ductile specimen (Steel) has greater values in all categories compared to the brittle specimen (Cast-Iron). For example, when comparing both specimen’s percent elongation and percent area reduction, the differences of the two specimens can clearly be seen. The ductile specimen (Steel) was more resilient to the test compared to the brittle specimen (Cast-Iron) and required more force before it reached failure.
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15 CONCLUSION The objective of this experiment was to test the strength of both Steel and Cast-Iron specimens. The fracturing of both test samples was expected and observed. The experiment began by securing the test sample into the tension machine. All measuring devices were zeroed out and the test was started. The load applied and deflection observed were recorded every half second. The stress and strain were then calculated as well as various material strength values from the data graphs. After finding the original gauge length and diameter [(Steel) D o =8.84mm, L o =50.0mm] and [(Cast Iron) D o =9.68mm, L o =50mm]. The final gauge length and diameter which equals [(Steel) D f =6.66mm, L f =55.45mm] and [(Cast Iron) D f =9.94mm, L f =50.3mm)] needed to be found. The area of reduction formula was used to find the original and final diameter to find the percent of Area reduction for both specimens. Then the original and final length to find the percent of elongation for both specimens were used. Thus, finding that Cast- Iron specimen was more brittle than the Steel specimen. This was expected as the steel specimen is a ductile material and underwent elasticity before fracture and the brittle cast-iron specimen fractured before undergoing elasticity.
16 REFERENCES [1] Micheal S. Mamlouk, John P. Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, 4 th Edition, United States of America, Pearson Education, Inc., 2017
17 By submitting this laboratory report as a group, we, the undersigned students, collectively agree that the content, findings, and conclusions presented in this report accurately represent our collaborative work and understanding of the experiment conducted. Signed: Israel Gonzales Jordan Duarte Riaz Ogunleye Holden Slaton
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