Lab 4 - Part II - Env Investigation
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University Of Dallas *
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Date
Jan 9, 2024
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NAME:
CHAU DINH
Lab Section:
1401-81800
ENVR 1401 -- EXERCISE
Lab 4 – Part II – Environmental Investigation
SAFETY CONCERNS:
►
Chemical splash goggles must be worn by everyone in the lab while chemicals are out and
in use. Safety glasses are not permitted as a substitute.
►
Care should be taken to keep all lab materials away from the edge of the lab table where
they could be knocked onto the floor and broken.
►
Instructor should be alerted immediately if glass breakage occurs. Students are not to
clean up broken glass.
►
Instructor should be alerted immediately if a chemical spill occurs. Students are not to
clean up chemical spills. Care should be taken to minimize inhaling chemical vapors by
wafting.
►
Care should be exercised when using Iodine solution as it may stain clothing and skin.
►
DO NOT taste any substances being tested.
►
Dispose of all waste from chemical testing
ONLY
as directed by lab instructor.
Overview
This activity explores the concept and application of the scientific method. In order to distinguish
between association and true cause-effect relationships, phenomena must be investigated using designed
experiments and careful observations that can be repeated by others.
The Problem
In the wake of the latest hurricane, every resource is being mobilized to help preserve resources and
respond to needs in the impacted area. In a small town hard hit by the hurricane, there are several railroad
boxcars containing ingredients desperately needed to produce the food products. Unfortunately, after the
train was moved to a side track, it was discovered that one or two of these railcars were damaged during
the hurricane as evidenced by white powder found alongside the tracks.
A logical conclusion is that if the contents of the railcar could leak out, then contamination could also
enter the railcar and pollute the contents. Records indicate that the railcars contained various food
ingredients: sugars, salt, flour, baking soda, baking powder, and corn starch. An additional railcar contains
Plaster of Paris to be used in building repairs.
Your assistance is needed in identifying what railcar(s) may have been compromised and potentially
contaminated. The results you obtain will help rescue workers decide which food ingredients (if any) to
destroy and which may be safely used to help feed those in need.
Materials:
◼
Vials of known rail car contents (1 set per group)
◼
Vial of unknown white powder (1 per group)
◼
Hand lens (max per group)
◼
Spatula (2 per group)
◼
Iodine solution (1 dropper bottle per group)
Revised: August 7, 2019
1
◼
Vinegar (1 dropper bottle per group)
◼
Dimple plate (1 per group)
◼
Grease Pencil (1 per group)
◼
Aluminum foil
◼
Stir-stick
◼
Distilled water and dropper
Method
:
Observe and record
your results on the Powder Analysis Chart for each identified powder. Remember
you have a limited amount of each sample…. don’t waste any as you may need to run multiple or
duplicate tests to confirm your results.
Be careful to prevent cross-contamination of samples. Carefully clean the spatula (wash
with water and dry with paper towel) before and after each use.
Visual Observation:
Using a clean spatula, take a small amount (a few grams) of each identified powder
and examine it with the hand lens. Draw what it looks like on the Powder Analysis Chart (e.g., Does it
look like a fine powder or have specific crystal shapes? What is the appearance of the crystals?).
Vinegar Test:
With a grease pencil, label the rows of the dimple plate for each identified powder. Using a
clean spatula, place a small amount (a few grams) of each identified powder in one dimple of the
respective row of the dimple plate. Carefully add one or two drops of vinegar and watch for any reaction
or change that might occur. Record your findings.
Iodine Test:
Using a clean spatula, place a small amount (a few grams) of each identified powder in one
dimple of the respective row of the dimple plate. Carefully add one or two drops of iodine and watch for
any reaction or change that might occur. Record your findings.
Texture Test:
Using a clean spatula, place a small amount (a few grams) of each identified powder on a
piece of aluminum foil.
Feel
the powder with your fingers to determine the texture. Is it gritty? Is it
smooth? Describe and record your findings.
Water Test:
Using a clean spatula, place a small amount (a few grams) of each identified powder in one
dimple of the respective row of the dimple plate. Carefully add a few drops of water and watch for any
reaction or change that might occur. Use the stir-stick to mix the sample. Record your findings.
TESTING THE UNKNOWN
◼
Carefully repeat each of the above steps for using a small amount (a few grams) of the unknown.
◼
Record all the results on your Powder Analysis Chart.
o
For each test, note whether a reaction occurs and, if so, describe what happens in detail, including
changes over time while running each test.
◼
Identify the unknown based on the results you have obtained and complete the Laboratory Affidavit.
List names of all lab group members; SIGN your own name.
Note:
You will have a different unknown than other lab groups, so conduct your own testing and draw
your own conclusions. Your unknown may contain more than one powder, so be careful in conducting
tests and making your observations.
Revised: August 7, 2019
2
Powder Analysis Chart
Railcar
and
Powder
Drawing of
Powder
Vinegar Test
Iodine Test
Texture Test
Water Test
1. Powdered
sugar
Fine powder
Dissolving
Color changes
Purple
Soft
No reaction
2. Salt
Crystal
No changes
No changes
Crystal
Clear
3. Baking
Soda
Fine powder
Fizzy
No reaction
Rough
No reaction
4. Baking
Powder
Fine powder
Chemical changes
No chemical
changes
Sand texture
Bubbly
5. White
Flour
Powder
Slow dissolve
Color change Purple
Rough
No reaction
6. Corn
Starch
Chunky
Liquidated
Color change
Purple light
Soft
No reaction
7. Plaster of
Paris
Chunky
Bubbling
Light yellow break
down
Soft
No reaction
Revised: August 7, 2019
3
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Powder
Drawing of
Powder
Vinegar Test
Iodine Test
Texture Test
Water Test
Unknown
Powder
Sample
Sample #
Powder(s)
Identification
Fine powder
Bubbling
Change Purple
Bumpy
Bubbling
Laboratory Affidavit
Lab Group Member
Lab Group Member
Signed:
Rail car
number
Contents
Potentially
Contaminated with:
Recommend
Destruction
Recommend Safe
to Use
1
Sugar (powdered)
No
No
Yes
2
Salt
Yes
Yes
No
3
Baking soda
No
Yes
Yes
4
Baking powder
No
No
Yes
5
White flour
No
No
Yes
6
Corn starch
No
No
Yes
7
Plaster of Paris
No
No
Yes
Revised: August 7, 2019
4
White Flour
Discussion and Analysis
1.
Explain at least three ways in which you utilized the scientific method.
◼
Forming
a hypothesis
◼
Prediction
◼
Testing
the prediction
2.
Discuss two possible important implications/consequences of your having incorrectly
identified the contaminated rail car.
◼ If a rail car containing hazardous materials is not prop
erly managed
and is
treated as safe , it can result in leaks, spills, or accident during transport.
◼ Incorrect identification can also pose safety hazards to
workers and
emergency responder.
3.
Prepare a
memorandum (
NOT a formal lab report
)
for this exercise to be submitted to the
Director of FEMA. Be sure to include the following in the appropriate sections of your
memo.
◼
Identify
and
explain
at least three
variables that may have affected the reliability of
your testing procedure.
◼
List
and
discuss
possible confounding factors
that may make your results incorrect.
◼
Use the lab 4 background to assist you in the memorandum format.
Revised: August 7, 2019
5
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