Lab 4 - Part I - Scientific Method

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Jan 9, 2024

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NAME: CHAU DINH Lab Section: 1401-81800 ENVR 1401 – EXERCISE Lab 4 – Part I - Scientific Method 1. Explain how a hypothesis can lead to and become part of a theory. When many studies produce similar outcomes, then together they may suggest a theory for the phenomenon under investigation. 2. What is empirical evidence? Empirical evidence is data gathered by experimentation, observation, and documentation of specific patterns and behaviors. Empirical evidence is a crucial component of the scientific process of study, which is applicable to many fields. 3. Explain the Law of Tolerance. The success of a species, its number, sometimes its size, etc., are determined largely by the degree of deviation of a single factor (or factors) from the range of optimum of the species For questions 4 through 7, use the following: ( Hint : some options are used more than once, and some not at all). a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Confounding variable d. Control Hypothesis : Exposure to 4.5 mg/l NaCl solution will be lethal to trout minnows. 4. “exposure to 4.5 ml/l NaCl solution” is the . a. Independent variable 5. “lethal” is the . b. Dependent variable

Hypothesis : Eggshells of eagles that were exposed to 7 ppm mercury will be 15% thinner than eggshells of eagles that were not exposed. 6. The thickness of the eggshells is the . b. Dependent variable 7. Eagles that are not exposed to mercury are the . d. Control 8. Given the Law of Tolerance curve shown above and assuming the independent variable is the amount of dietary calcium that is consumed by frogs, then if a population of frogs is only able to obtain low or high amounts of calcium in their diet, which of the following consequences would most likely be observed? A. The population of frogs will be low since individuals of the species will be suffering from physiological stress at both low and high dietary levels. B. The population of mosquitoes and other bugs which are the principal diet of the frogs will not increase since there will be no decrease in the predator population. C. The population of birds that feed on the frogs will likely decrease over time as their food source declines. D. There will be no observable differences in the population size of the frogs, their predators, and their prey species. E. Both A and C F. Both B and C G. None of the above 9. In a well-designed experiment to test a hypothesis, all variables that pertain to the treatment and control groups will be controlled or manipulated, ensuring valid results. A. True B. False E B

10. Which of the following relationships are true? A. Hypothesis ➔ scientific fact ➔ theory B. Independent variable ➔ dependent variable C. Dependent variable ➔ independent variable D. Random sampling ➔ representative sample E. Precision ➔ accuracy F. All of the above: “A” through “E” G. All of the above, except “C ” H. Only “A” through “C”

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