CHM 101L M7 Biofuel Lab Report Complete

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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Synthesis of Biodiesel Student Name David Arlotta Date 12/10/2023
1 Data From Lab 2-1: Introduction to Molecules – Activity 5 Basic Hydrocarbons: Observation Questions 1. Does the ball-and-stick model look like the expanded structural formula? No the ball-and-stick model does not look like the expanded structural formula 2. What similarities are there between the ball-and-stick models of methane and propane and their respective molecular and expanded structural formulas? Methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) share structural representations through ball-and-stick models, molecular formulas, and expanded structural formulas. In ball-and-stick models, both exhibit single bonds, with methane forming a tetrahedral shape and propane featuring a linear chain of three carbon atoms. The molecular formulas (CH₄ and C₃H₈) convey the types and numbers of atoms, while expanded structural formulas detail their specific arrangements. However, differences in carbon chain length and molecular structures set methane apart as a simple tetrahedral molecule and propane as a linear hydrocarbon with a more complex arrangement. 3. What differences are there between the ball-and-stick model of methane and propane and their respective molecular and expanded structural formulas? The main differences between methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) lie in their molecular structures and properties. Methane is a simple hydrocarbon with a tetrahedral structure, consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Propane, on the other hand, is a more complex hydrocarbon with a linear structure, comprising three carbon atoms bonded to eight hydrogen atoms. The length of the carbon chain is a notable distinction, and this impacts the physical properties of the molecules. © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
2 4. List the information that the ball-and-stick model provides that the structural formula does not. The Ball-and-stick model provide the shape and correct arrangements Data Table 3 Straight-Chained Hydrocarbons Class Type of Bonding General Formula Alkanes Single bond C2H6 Alkenes Double bond C2H2 Alkynes Triple bond C2H2 Example Structural Formula 3- dimension al geometry Shape Rotation of Bonds Bond Strength Ethane C 2 H 6 Tetrahedr al C-C 105 Kcal/m ol Ethene C 2 H 4 Symmetri cal C-H 132 Kcal/m ol Ethyne C 2 H 1 linear C-H 132 Kcal/m ol © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
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3 Alkanes: Compare Similarities and Differences between the Structural Isomers of C 4 H 10 n-butane isobutene -Butane is unbranched and isobutane is branched -Both have the same molecular formulas but the structural formulas are different between the two -The melting point is 1 degree C -isobutene has 3 carbons in a straight line -boiling point is around -1 degree C -Doesn't have a smell/odor -structural isomer of butane Alkenes: Isomers of C 4 H 8 Molecule 1 Molecule 2 Molecule 3 Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula CH3CHHCH3 CH3CH3CHCH3 CH2CHCH2CH3 Skeletal Model 1. Can Molecule 1 be made to look exactly like Molecule 2? Why or why not? No they are not the same shape even though they do have similarities they cannot look exactly alike 2. Describe the differences in structures between the three alkenes. They have the same number of elements across the three but the shapes are different 3. Are Molecules 1, 2 and 3 chemically identical? All 3 molecules are identical © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
4 Alkynes Isomers of C 4 H 6 Cyclobutene 1, 2 butadiene bicyclobutane Observations one is symmetrical alkyne the other is terminal Cyclic and Acyclic Compounds Cyclohexane Hexane Skeletal Model 4. Which arrangement is more stable, cyclohexane or hexane? Why? Aromatic Compounds Skeletal Models of Benzene 5. Are these benzene molecules isomers, or are they the same molecule? Explain. © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
5 Skeletal Models of Dichlorobenzene 6. Are these dichlorobenzene molecules isomers, or are they the same molecule? Explain. The molecules are different from each other and have different reactions From Lab 7-1: Synthesis of Biofuel Activity 2 Data Table 1 Mass of Graduate d Cylinder Volume of Biodiesel Mass of G.C. + Biodiesel Mass of Biodies el Density of Biodiese l pH of Biodies el Presence of Intermediat es? (y/n) 18.61 1g 19.43g 1.05 1.55 6 n 7. What important step does calcium methoxide facilitate? Is the calcium methoxide used up in the synthesis? Calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH₃)₂) is commonly used as a transesterification catalyst in biodiesel production. The important step it facilitates is the transesterification reaction. In biodiesel synthesis, transesterification involves reacting triglycerides (fats and oils) with an alcohol, typically methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a catalyst, like calcium methoxide. This reaction produces biodiesel (fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters) and glycerol. © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
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6 8. Based on your results, was there a complete synthesis of biodiesel in your reaction? The reaction was complete and I did manage to synthesis biodiesel © 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company