CHM 101L M7 Biofuel Lab Report Complete
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Synthesis of Biodiesel
Student Name David Arlotta
Date 12/10/2023
1
Data
From Lab 2-1: Introduction to Molecules – Activity 5
Basic Hydrocarbons: Observation Questions
1. Does the ball-and-stick model look like the expanded structural formula?
No the ball-and-stick model does not look like the expanded structural
formula
2. What similarities are there between the ball-and-stick models of methane
and propane and their respective molecular and expanded structural
formulas?
Methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) share structural representations through
ball-and-stick models, molecular formulas, and expanded structural formulas.
In ball-and-stick models, both exhibit single bonds, with methane forming a
tetrahedral shape and propane featuring a linear chain of three carbon
atoms. The molecular formulas (CH₄ and C₃H₈) convey the types and
numbers of atoms, while expanded structural formulas detail their specific
arrangements. However, differences in carbon chain length and molecular
structures set methane apart as a simple tetrahedral molecule and propane
as a linear hydrocarbon with a more complex arrangement.
3. What differences are there between the ball-and-stick model of methane
and propane and their respective molecular and expanded structural
formulas?
The main differences between methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) lie in their
molecular structures and properties. Methane is a simple hydrocarbon with a
tetrahedral structure, consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four
hydrogen atoms. Propane, on the other hand, is a more complex
hydrocarbon with a linear structure, comprising three carbon atoms bonded
to eight hydrogen atoms. The length of the carbon chain is a notable
distinction, and this impacts the physical properties of the molecules.
© 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
2
4. List the information that the ball-and-stick model provides that the
structural formula does not.
The Ball-and-stick model provide the shape and correct arrangements
Data Table 3
Straight-Chained Hydrocarbons
Class
Type of Bonding
General Formula
Alkanes
Single bond
C2H6
Alkenes
Double bond
C2H2
Alkynes
Triple bond
C2H2
Example
Structural
Formula
3-
dimension
al
geometry
Shape
Rotation
of Bonds
Bond
Strength
Ethane
C
2
H
6
Tetrahedr
al
C-C
105
Kcal/m
ol
Ethene
C
2
H
4
Symmetri
cal
C-H
132
Kcal/m
ol
Ethyne
C
2
H
1
linear
C-H
132
Kcal/m
ol
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3
Alkanes: Compare Similarities and Differences between the
Structural Isomers of C
4
H
10
n-butane
isobutene
-Butane is unbranched and
isobutane is branched
-Both have the same molecular
formulas but the structural
formulas are different between
the two
-The melting point is 1 degree
C
-isobutene has 3 carbons in a
straight line
-boiling point is around -1
degree C
-Doesn't have a smell/odor
-structural isomer of butane
Alkenes: Isomers of C
4
H
8
Molecule 1
Molecule 2
Molecule 3
Structural
Formula
Condensed
Structural
Formula
CH3CHHCH3
CH3CH3CHCH3
CH2CHCH2CH3
Skeletal Model
1.
Can Molecule 1 be made to look exactly like Molecule 2? Why or why not?
No they are not the same shape even though they do have similarities they
cannot look exactly alike
2.
Describe the differences in structures between the three alkenes.
They have the same number of elements across the three but the shapes
are different
3.
Are Molecules 1, 2 and 3 chemically identical?
All 3 molecules are identical
© 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
4
Alkynes
Isomers of C
4
H
6
Cyclobutene 1, 2 butadiene
bicyclobutane
Observations
one is symmetrical alkyne the other is terminal
Cyclic and Acyclic Compounds
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Skeletal Model
4.
Which arrangement is more stable, cyclohexane or hexane? Why?
Aromatic Compounds
Skeletal Models of Benzene
5.
Are these benzene molecules isomers, or are they the same molecule?
Explain.
© 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
5
Skeletal Models of Dichlorobenzene
6.
Are these dichlorobenzene molecules isomers, or are they the same
molecule? Explain.
The molecules are different from each other and have different reactions
From Lab 7-1: Synthesis of Biofuel
Activity 2
Data Table 1
Mass of
Graduate
d
Cylinder
Volume
of
Biodiesel
Mass of
G.C. +
Biodiesel
Mass of
Biodies
el
Density
of
Biodiese
l
pH of
Biodies
el
Presence of
Intermediat
es? (y/n)
18.61
1g
19.43g
1.05
1.55
6
n
7.
What important step does calcium methoxide facilitate?
Is the calcium
methoxide used up in the synthesis?
Calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH₃)₂) is commonly used as a transesterification
catalyst in biodiesel production. The important step it facilitates is the
transesterification reaction. In biodiesel synthesis, transesterification
involves reacting triglycerides (fats and oils) with an alcohol, typically
methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a catalyst, like calcium methoxide.
This reaction produces biodiesel (fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters) and
glycerol.
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6
8.
Based on your results, was there a complete synthesis of biodiesel in your
reaction?
The reaction was complete and I did manage to synthesis biodiesel
© 2016 Carolina Biological Supply Company
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