Basic Concepts PRE-LAB
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School
Metropolitan Community College, Omaha *
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Course
1220
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
4
Uploaded by BailiffChinchilla3967
Name
_Z{)KOL’]
(PN
B
]0\b
Date
Experiment
Basic
Concepts
in
Measurements
Objectives:
«+
To
become
familiar
with
the
use
of
laboratory
instruments
and
procedures.
+
To
become
familiar
with
the
concepts
of
precision
and
accuracy
in
making
measurements
Introduction
Many
of
the
experiments
you
will
be
performing
in
this
course
depend
upon
measurements.
This
laboratory
exerci?e
vyflcl‘
emphasize
several
aspects
of
making
measurements,
in
particular
accuracy,
precision,
uncertainty
and
the
correct
use
of
uni
of
measurement.
Many
measurements
involve
determining
the
mass
and/or
volume
of
a
sample
of
matter.
No
matter
how
carefully
you
carry
out
the
measurement
and
no
matter
how
carefully
you
read
the
measuring
instrument,
there
will
always
be
some
uncertainty
in
the
measurement.
In
other
words,
no
measurement
is
perfectly
accurate.
The
quality
of
your
measurements
is
stated
in
terms
of
accuracy
and
precision.
The
accuracy
of
a
measurement
is
how
close
that
measurement
is
to
the
true
or
“exact”
value.
Suppose
a
standard
weight
has
a
mass
of
5.00
g.
Two
students
determine
the
mass
of
the
weight
and
report
their
mass
values
as
4.98
g
and
5.12
g.
The
value
of
4.98
g
has
a
greater
accuracy
than
the
5.12
g
but
this
is
only
known
because
the
true
mass
of
the
weight
is
known.
In
most
experimental
situations,
the
true
mass
of
an
object
is
not
previously
known.
Accuracy
is
also
subject
to
the
reliability
of
the
measuring
instrument.
Many
instruments
are
thus
calibrated
to
make
sure
that
the
measured
value
is
as
accurate
as
possible
for
that
particular
instrument.
For
example,
a
student
is
asked
to
measure
the
length
of
an
object
and
the
plastic
ruler
chosen
to
make
the
measurement
has
been
lying
in
the
sun
and
has
become
warped.
This
ruler
would
obviously
not
give
an
accurate
reading.
Precision
relates
the
degree
of
reproducibility
of
the
measurement.
Precision
increases
with
how
fine
the
divisions
or
segments
are
which
increases
the
repeatability
of
the
results.
Precise
measurements
are
a
set
that
has
very
little
scatter
which
could
also be
stated
as
repeat
measurements
that give
more
or
less
the
same
value.
If
the
measured
data
have
high
precision
but
poor
accuracy,
one
may
suspect
that
a
systematic
bias
has
been
introduced,
e.g.,
we
are
using
an
instrument
where
the
zero
position
has
not
been
set
properly.
If
we
do
not
know
the
expected
value
of
a
measurement
but
are
trying
to
determine
just
that,
it
is
obviously
better
to
have
accurate
observations
with
poor
precision
than
very
precise,
but
inaccurate
values,
since
the
former
will
give
a
correct,
but
imprecise
estimate
while
the
latter
will
give
a
wrong,
but
very
precise
result!
"Accuracy
is
telling
the
truth
.
.
.
Precision
is
telling
the
same
story
over
and
over
again."
Yiding
Wang,
yiwang@mtu.edu
The
value
of
the
measurement
is
dependent
upon
the
measuring
instrument
itself
and
how
well
the
measurement
is
carried
out
using
that
particular
measuring
instrument.
Frequently
the
values
you
determine
as
your
measurements
are
then
used
in
subsequent
calculations
so
optimally
it
is
best
to
strive
for
a
measurement
that
is
both
precise
and accurate.
There
are
three
types
of
direct
measurements
to
be
made
in
this
experiment:
length,
volume
and
mass.
For
each
type
of
measurement
there
are
different
units
which
are
used
to
indicate
what
property
is
measured
and
to
indicate
the
size
of
the
sample.
For
example
the
milliliter
(mL)
and
the
liter
(L)
both
measure
volume
but
a
liter
is
a
much
greater
size
sample.
For
all
of
the
science
experiments
performed
in
this
course,
the
metric
system
will
be
used.
Name
Date
Using
Mass
Measurements
Th‘_&
metric
unit
for
measuring
mass
is
the
gram
(g),
which
is
about
one-thirtieth
of
an
ounce.
The
mass
of
an
object
can
easily
be
measured
on
a
laboratory
balance.
There
are
two
types
of
balances
commonly
used
in
a
laboratory,
a
multiple-
beam
balance
and
a
single
pan
automatic
balance.
On
a
multiple-beam
balance,
the
beam
of
the
balance
rests
on
a
fuicrum
or
knife
edge.
A
panto
hold
the
object
to
be
measured
is
placed
on
one
end
of
the
beam
and
a
set
of
movable
weights
is
placed
on
the
opposite
end.
Before
an
object
can
be
measured,
the
pointer
on
the
end
of
the
balance
must
be
aligned
with
the
zero
mark.
This
can
be
accomplished
by
turning
the
counterweight
adjustment
knob
on
one end
of
the
beam
until
the
beam
pointerindicates
zero.
The
balance
pan
must
be
empty
and
all
the
weights
must
be
at
zero
for
calibration.
(_)noe
the
object
is
placed
on
the
balance,
the
pan
=
containing
the
object
will
go
down.
The
weights
are
slid
=
across
the
beam
until
the
balance
is
again
at
zero
and
the
mass
is
read
from
the
combination
of
the
weights
used.
In
the
figure
to
the
right,
the
mass
of
a
can
of
diet
Mountain
Dew
is
being
determined.
The
beam
in
the
rear
measures
in
10
gram
increments,
the
beam
in
the
center
measures
in
100
gram
increments
and
the front
beam
measures
in
1
gram
increments
with
the
0.1
gram
increments
marked.
The
total
mass
of
the
can
of
diet
Mountain
Dew
is
shown
to
the
right.
Reading
the
beams,
the
center (greatest
mass)
weight
is
at
the
300
gram
notch,
the
rear
weight
is
at
the
70
gram
notch
and
the
front
weight
is
slightly
past
the
3.3
gram
notch.
Since
these
are
all
indicated
by
graduations
on
the
balance,
they
are
certain
digits.
The
measurement
will
also
include
one
uncertain
digit
so
the
final
mass
of
the
can
of
diet
Mountain
Dew
would
be
expressed
as
373.33
g
or
373.34gor373.35g.
The
second
type
of
balance
is
a
single
pan
automatic
balance.
The
mass
of
the
object
is
displayed
in
digital
form
in
the
window
on
the
front
of
the
balance.
The
balance
is
automatically zeroed
when
turned
on
and
then
can
be
re-zeroed
using
the
zero
button
on
the
balance.
This
type
of
balance
can
have
a
precision/
accuracy
represented
from
two
to
four
decimal
places.
Regardless
of
the
type
of
balance
being
used
to
determine
the
mass
of
an
object,
the
following
precautions
must
be
observed:
«
The
balance
must
be
level
and
placed
on
a
vibration-free
surface.
«
Do
not
move
the
balance
around
during
use.
«
Do
not
place
any
reagents
or
containers
with
wet
exteriors
directly
on
the
balance
pan.
Use
a
secondary
container
like
a
beaker
or
a
weighing
boat/paper
to
contain
your
sample.
«
Record
a
measured
mass
directly
into
your
notebook,
not
on
a
scrap
of
paper
which
could
be
lost.
«
Always
leave
the
balance
pan
clean.
If
some
reagent
is
inadvertently
spilled
on
the
balance
pan,
either
clean
up
the
spill
or
notify
the
instructor.
«
Always
weigh
your
sample
at
room
temperature.
In
choosing
a
balance,
consider
that
they
both
measure
the
mass
but
the
accuracy/precision
of
the
two
types
of
balances
may
be
different.
One
reason
for
this
is
that
the
beam
balance
is
more
susceptible
to
human
judgment
whereas
the
2
Name
Date
Pre-Laboratory
Questions
1.
2
rly
explain
the
difference
between
acguracy
and
precision
when
making
measurements.
am»mc;
5
\naw
e
is
to
e
ok
Unlue.
Preainn
£
i
e
&eefivu
ok
wwz)n\f)udbfl}
A
mugumary
Why
should
any
measurement
data,
along
with
the
identifying
information
about
a
sample
(solid
block,
solution,
metal
rod,
etc.)
be
recorded
immediately
in
your
laboratory
manual
and
not
on
a
scrap
of
paper
or
recorded
later
when
all
measurements
have
been
made?
s
_nob
Joy,
Yemembered
Luong
ar
jn
{he
lo\bom\'urb
w1
anval
were
it
con
e
Poond
If
you
place
a
stone
on
a
balance
to
determine
its
mass,
would
you
consider
your
measurement
to
be
accurate?
Explain
your
answer.
Ys
it
b
done
comey
and
dne
Vol
S
rohr
T
weu\a
Qe
i+
Qo
P
J
You
have
an
object
that
you
want
to
identify.
Questions
a.
-
c.
are
designed
to
help
you
achieve
this
objective.
The
object
was
carefully
weighed
by
five
different
individuals
on
a
multiple-beam
balance.
The
balance
was
zeroed
between
each
measurement.
The
masses
were
11.36
g,
11.37
g,
11.40
g,
11.38
g
and
11.39
grams.
Show
all
your
calculations
in
answering
the
questions.
a.
Calculate
the
average
value
for
the
mass
of
that
object
based
on
these
measurements.
Show
your
work
and
underline
your
final
answer.
1136
+
1374
Ny
A
WBF=H55)1:4
-
(133
b.
Calculate
the
standard
deviation
for
this
set
of
measurements
listed
in
question
4a.
Show
all
your
work
and
nderline
your
final
answer.
.
dardard
diaton
=
range
_
(highest
value
-
lowest
value)
WN
WN
8
1Yo~
1136
L1
c.
What
is
the
percent
variation
among
your
measured
samples
if
%
variation:
2001
X100%
=
average
_O’QL_
©
[00]°
135
X
1009,
0
.000837973x100%
d.
How
would
you
describe
the
precision
of
the
measurements?
Explain
your
answer.
Thy
gt
yur
the
shongest
o
dhey
problaley
@n't
e
g
R
——
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Name
Date
5.
Record
the
volume
in
each
of
the
following
measuring
instruments
using
the
correct
number
of
significant
digits.
Be
careful
to
read
the
volume
correctly.
40
30
IHIIIII
IIH(IIH
I§
’2'
2
mL
==
a
—
——25
==
=220
==
=
—
=10
=
bl
6.
What
is
the
mass
on
the
following
triple
beam
balances?
e
=
=
T
57
———
-
sy
_
1
0
4
w
|
—
H|m:|u
J
Balance
A
30
40
|||[|lll&lh|[|lllj”
i
0|
f
gxm]mléuuu
1
Balance
C
{
300
400
500
5
DS
TR
W
5
{
3
40
50
mJ
Balance
B
The
mass
shown
on
balance
A
is
65
.7
The
mass
shown
on
balance
B
is
5459
The
mass
shown
on
balance
C
is
2354.
&
mL
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Date
For which object does the method of volume by displacement give an inaccurate result? Why?
A4. Calculate the density of each object (use the volume by displacement determination of the volume for
each object except the wooden sphere; for the wooden sphere use the volume calculated from the
diameter). Show all work with units and record your answers in the table below to the correct number
of significant figures and with proper units. pensitty=MassOF Substance
VOIUME oF Substance
Show work: Lead: 47.460905.
5SF
IRON: 263:60955F
ろろ。5 ML-るSF
-니.2ML→25F
=11.39/MLE119/ML
%3D7.879/ML
nkown sphere:
7.380g-05
4.2ML 2
golden nugget:
31.0094
*VolUMe OF WOoden Sphere:
TS OFWOoden sph-
ir=radius OF WOoden Sph.
8.99/ML
1.6ML2
%3D199/ML|
Table 2: Density Results
Object
xx 27 CM3
bensity=
그9.170 g/ML=Ol0981 g/ML
Calculated Density
119/ML
7.879/ML
0.698/ML
3.99/ML
199/ML
lead sphere
=113ML…
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