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ANS 231: Animal Nutrition Lab
Lab 6: Gastrointestinal tract – ruminants, comparative
Name: Jillian Melick
Date:
2/21/24
Section 1. Sheep GI Tract (5 pts)
While completing the dissection, fill in the table below. You will need to do some calculations to answer a few of these. Some questions ask you to calculate percentages and some to calculate ratios. When you are asked to calculate the ratio of 2 measurements, you divide the first number by the second number. For example, calculate the ratio of the head (12 cm) to the body (100 cm), the ratio is 0.12:1. Your answers should have a similar format. Refer to lab 5 of Moodle for the ratio calculations. Show all work for the calculations
.
1.
1. Note the lengths of the small intestine, large intestine, and total undissected GIT (estimate of the total length of the whole body).
a.
Calculate the length of the small intestine as a percentage of the length of the total
intestine.
b.
Calculate the length of the large intestine as a percentage of the length of the total intestine.
c.
Calculate the ratio of the length of the total intestine to total undissected GI Tract. d.
Calculate the ratio of the length of the small intestine to total undissected GI Tract
e.
Calculate table below and explain what you learned from the numbers.
Species
Sheep
Total undissected GI Tract (cm)
72 cm
Small intestine (cm)
1371 cm
Large intestine (cm)
420 cm
Total Intestine (cm)
1791 cm
Length of the small intestine as a percentage of the length of the total intestine 76.55%
Length of the large intestine as a percentage of the length of the total intestine 23.45%
Ratio of Total Intestine/Total undissected GI Tract (cm/cm)
24.88 : 1
Ratio of Small intestine/Total undissected GI Tract (cm/cm)
19.04 :1 Ratio of Large intestine/Total undissected GI Tract (cm/cm)
5.83 : 1 420/72 = 5.83
Show your work here:
43 x 32 +27 = 1371 cm small intestine
41 x 10 +10 = 420 cm large intestine
1371 +420 = 1791 cm total intestine
1371/1791 x100 = 76.55% length of small intestine
420/1791 x 100 =23.45% length of large intestine
1791/72 = 24.88 ratio of total intestine/ total undissected
1371/72 = 19.04 ratio of small intestine
420/72 = 5.83 ration of large intestine
2.
Explain the significance of the type of teeth and movements of the jaw for sheep (and other ruminants) to their normal type of feed. Ruminants do not have canines or upper incisors; they also don’t secrete salivary amylase. But since they have bottom incisors and a dental pd on the upper jaw they can slice off grasses when they eat. They also have transverse jaw and well-developed molars that give ruminants the ability to chew and grind forages since that’s what their diets consist of Section 2. Body Condition Score (BCS) of Sheep (3 pts)
Evaluate and describe the BCS of the sows your group observed. Sheep ID
BCS
Physical Description
D245
2
Backbone raised nut smooth, ribs are easily felt, tall bone easily detectable, thin neck
7224
2
Backbone raised nut smooth, ribs are easily felt, tall bone easily detectable, thin neck
C233
2
Backbone raised nut smooth, ribs are easily felt, tail bone easily detectable, thin neck
7106
2.5
Backbone slightly raised, ribs easily felt, thin neck, tail bone easily detectable
D224
2
Backbone raised nut smooth, ribs are easily felt, tall bone easily detectable, thin neck
Section 3. GI Tract of Ruminants (5 pts)
1.
How do ruminants derive nutrients by ingesting fibrous materials of plants? Explain using all the following words: rumen
, microbes
, enzymes
, VFAs
, (microbial) protein
. 2.
List the four compartments of the ruminant’s stomach and briefly describe each of their functions. ●
Compartment 1
: rumen ●
Function: fermentation, some of the products produced by microorganisms in the rumen will be absorbed through the papillae. ●
Compartment 2: reticulum
●
Function: fermentation/directs flow of digesta, decreases the particle size of the digesta
●
Compartment 3: omasum
●
Function: water absorption
●
Compartment 4: abomasum
●
Function: grandular region/simple stomach, 3.
In unweaned ruminants, which of the four compartments is most developed? What is the name and the function of the groove that is exclusively present in these young ruminants?
In young ruminants the abomasum is the most developed compartment. The reticular groove closes during suckling to allow milk to flow from the esophagus to the abomasum
and escape rumen fermentation. 4.
Fill in the blank:
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“
The__
duodenum
___ (the first section of the small intestine) receives enzymes and other secretions from the ___
pancreas
________ and the_____
liver
__________ and therefore is the main site of______
chemical digestion
_________ as well as an additional site of digestion of nutrients such as protein, lipids, and starch. Of these secretions, _______
bicarbonate
________ helps to neutralize the acidity of the digesta in the small intestine.
”
5.
Fill in the blank:
“
The rumen is a non-glandular
region of the composite stomach. Despite this characteristic, plant carbohydrates such as cellulose are digested due to ______
microorganisms
_________ that inhabit the rumen. Through fermentation, plant carbohydrates are converted to ____
voltile fatty acids
___________ that are absorbed across the rumen membrane and provide energy for the ruminant.
” Section 4: The Rumen-Cannulated Steer (4 pts)
1.
What is the primary purpose of installing the rumen cannula? The primary reason to install a cannula is for research. The cannula enables researchers to sample rumen contents and study its composition and pH. This increase knowledge of the rumen ecosystem and digestion physiology. 2.
How is a sample of the rumen fluid obtained and used in the laboratory?
Can be collected from the more liquid contents using a suction device, this can be done without the complete removal of the cannula plug. 3.
Describe your observations of ruminal contents under the microscope from the video of the Cannulated Steer. Their very active and very mobile, and when they move around they are interacting with some of the feed particles. 4.
Give one example of something you learned about the rumen environment, from the Lesson or video of the Rumen-Cannulated Steer that was particularly interesting or surprising to you (not including #1). Something that I found very interesting was during the microscope part of the video, that microorganisms attach to the feed particles and secrete enzymes into the little micro environment and the enzymes digest those feed ingredients. Section 5: Comparative (3 pts)
1. Compare and contrast observations on the chicken, pig, and sheep GI tracts. This means discuss what is similar and also discuss what is different. Each of the items listed below should be discussed individually. Include the letter of the question for each answer. a. Discuss the structures of the stomach and large intestine. In the pig stomach it has a simple stomach, where acid is secreted and gastric enzymes are secreted to begin digestion of proteins. In sheep they have a complex stomach so it has four parts, the first is a huge fermentation chamber where microbial digestion happens. The last section is the acid secreting region that also secretes the gastric enzymes. The chicken also has a complex stomach that has two parts where the stomach and pro-ventriculus is the acid secreting region and the ventriculus is the muscular stomach. In the pig large intestines the cecum has pouches and it slows down digesta for microbal fermentation. The sheep does not have a circulated cecum like the pig and its completely smooth so there is no way for digesta to slow down. The chicken has paired ceca and they are not circulated and they have really little fermentation activity. b. Discuss the numbers you calculated for each GI tract. The chicken had the smallest numbers compared to the pig and sheep. Then the Pig was the middle ground with measurement sizes, then the sheep had the largest measurements compared to all of them. c. Discuss why each GI tract is a good design for the type of feed the animal eats. In the pig you see significant fermentation so it can digest anything it eats, the sheep does not have a circulated cecum where fermentation is taking place, the the chicken has very little fermentation. This is why post gastric fermentation varies in different animals.
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External Data
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