Jillian_Melick_Lab08_Feeding_Dairy_Cattle

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North Carolina State University *

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231

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Apr 3, 2024

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ANS 231: Animal Nutrition Lab 8: Feeding Dairy Cattle Name: Jillian Melick Date: 3/20/2024 Lab Assignment Section 1. Dairy Education Unit (10 pts) 1. What is the first source of nutrition for a calf? Colostrum, within the first 4-6 hrs, the earlier the better 2. The total solids score on Brix for milk replacer should be within what range? 14.5-15.5% 3. What is the ADG goal for Holsteins? Jerseys? Holsteins: average 2 lbs Jersey: average 1.5 lbs 4. Where do weaned heifers go at the DEU? Group housing/heifer barn usually at 7-8 weeks 5. What are the benchmarks used for breeding Holsteins? Jerseys? Holsteins: weight 825-925 lbs, weither 48-52 in Jerseys: weight 500-575 lbs, weither 43-45 in 6. An ideal BCS for heifers is? 3.5 is ideal for heifers 7. A lactating cow should eat for how many hours per day? How long should they ruminate? 3-5 hrs of eating time, 7-8 hrs of ruminating 8. What does the TMR at the DEU consist of? Corn silage, soy hulls, chopped straw, grain mix, water 9. Name 3 dairy feed additives and explain their importance in the diet. Clarifly = helps with fly control in the summer months Biomass= prebiotic for total gut health and support Megalac= increases milk components without increasing risk of acidosis 10. Name 3 diseases that can occur with improper nutrition and their cause. Milk fever = low blood calcium concentration Retained placenta = fails to expel their afterbirth within 24hr post-parturition Ketosis = when the cow isn’t consuming enough energy
Section 2. BCS of Dairy 1. Evaluate and describe the BCS of the cattle your group observed. (2 pts) Cattle ID BCS Physical Description 6272 3 Hip bones faintly visible, ribs not really visible, body outline almost smooth 6315 3.5 Hip bones not visible, ribs not really visible, body outline almost smooth 6396 4 Hip bones not visible, ribs well covered, body outline rounded 408 4.5 Hip bones not visible, ribs not really visble, body outline rounded 6391 3 Hip bones faintly visible, ribs not really visible, body outline almost smooth Section 2. Life cycle and lactation curve (2 pts) 1. Explain what happens to a heifer calf at birth. The baby calf receives primarily milk and dry grain until its ready to be weaned. 2. Follow the cow through the lactation cycle. What is significant for the cow at each phase? Phase 3 fresh cow 0-21 days of lactation: transition from late gestation to early lactation which is the most challenging time. Lots of metabolic problems can happen, they can drop weight while calving and body stores are mobilized because energy intake will not meet the energy requirements for lactation Phase 4 early lactation 22-80 days: milk production increases rapidly during early weeks, peaks at 6-8 weeks. Cow increases her dry matter intake, does not consume enough energy to meet needs of milk production. Mobilizes body stores to meet production needs, negative energy balance and loses body weight Phase 5 mid-lactation 80-200 days : maximum dry matter intke is reached around 12-14 weeks of lactation. Maintain peak milk production, milk production is stable or
may start declining. Starting to gain weight or maintain it, shouble be pregnant early in this stage. Phase 6 late lactation 200- 305 days: milk production and dry matter intake decline. Nutrient intake meets or exceeds the needs, continues to replenish her body stores. Stores tissues meaning its an ideal time to replace body tissues. Cow should be pregnant at this time. Phase 1 far off dry 60-21 days prior to calving: transitions from lactating to dry, dry period is the time between the end of milk removal and the subsequent calving. Dry cows are fed separately from milking. Dry cows require nutrients for body maintenance, fetal growth, and replacing any additional body weight. Fetal growth is rapid during last 60 days of gestation Phase 2 close-up dry 21 days: 3 weeks before and after calving comprise the transition period. Cow often begins to transition to higher energy lactation diet. Before calving dry matter intake often decreases. Higher energy diet supports fetal growth and maintains energy intake. Should be housed where they can closely be watched and housing should provide comfort. Section 3. Feedstuffs and nutrient requirements (6 pts) 1. The amount of the following ingredients differs in the diet for mid lactation cows and late lactation cows. Complete the following table with the feed category (forage and roughage, energy feed, protein supplement) and the percentage in the DM of these feedstuffs for each diet. (4 pts) For which group are they higher? In early lactation all of the percentages are higher. Describe what each feedstuff is and explain why each differs in the 2 diets. Whole cottonseed= source of protein and energy SoyPLUS= delivers amino acids to cows to achieve higher performance Energy booster 100 = dry fat supplement for undegradable fat source Porcine blood meal= used as a protein supplement and has high nitrogen content and has high protein In late lactation porcine blood and energy booster 100 isn’t needed since its only needed in early lactation same with RUP or rumen bypass fat. In early lactation you need all of the nutrients since if there’s a lack nutrition then the calves will also have poor nutrition. In early lactation you need a higher protein percentage as well. NRC Feed Late Lactation Early Lactation Feedstuff Feed category % in DM % in DM Whole cottonseed Protein supplement 4.28% 5.73% SoyPLUS Protein supplement 4.76% 5.66% Energy Booster 100 Energy feed 0% 0.54%
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Porcine blood meal Protein supplement 0% 0.9% 2. Complete the following table using nutrient composition of the DM in the diet. (use two decimals places) (2 pts) Item Early Lactation Mid Lactation Far-off Dry *DIM (days in milk) 22-80 days 80-200 days 60-21 days prior to calving N/A ME, Mcal/kg 2.71 2.73% 2.27% Crude protein, % 17.33% 17.33% 11.20% RDP (% of CP) 61.93% 61.40% 68.72% RUP (% of CP) 38.07% 38.60% 31.28% NDF % 32.79% 31.46% 51.65% *If applicable, enter DIM, if not write N/A