Prietha.Thavakumaran.Experiment2
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Dec 6, 2023
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SC/CHEM 2080: Analytical Chemistry
Experiment 2: Gravimetric Determination of Chloride
Prietha Thavakumaran
TA: Lisa Azzarello
Dates Performed: September 28
th
2023 (Part A)
October 17
th
, 2023 (Part B)
Due: Tuesday, October 24
th
, 2023
eAbstract
Silver chloride (AgCl) was formed when silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) was added to a solution
with chloride ions (Cl
-
). Using the AgCl formed, the mass of chlorine in an unknown sample was
determined. Three replicates were made and the average chlorine weight percent of the unknown
sample was 24.73516967 g with a standard deviation of 0.0000000557328 g.
Results
Table 1. Experimental data of gravimetric determination of chloride
Three replicates were made and the associating AgCl used is displayed. The calculations of chloride’s
weight percentage can be found in the Appendix.
The given unknown sample number was 418. The silver nitrate was observed to be a white
opaque liquid forming when met with silver chloride, and eventually forming a white
precipitation/powder cloud floating in all three replicates. All three replicates were heated on a
hot plate for about 15 minutes; no opaque precipitate was formed with 1 mL of silver nitrate;
concluded the precipitation of AgCl.
Discussion
The results indicate that chloride weight is about 24.7% of the unknown sample and the
standard deviation indicates that the replicates are accurate and precise as the distribution of the
replicates is quite narrow and approaches the mean. However, some possible sources of error
may indicate the uncertainty of these measurements such as analytical balance measurement
error, and/or molecular weight calculation error. Furthermore, many steps were taken during the
Replicate
#
AgCl Weight
(g)
Crucible
#
Initial Weight of
Dried Crucible
(g)
Final Weight of
Crucible +
Precipitate(g)
Precipitate
Weight (g)
Cl Weight of
Unknown (g)
Cl Weight %
of Unknown
1
0.2141
125
28.7513
29.2227
0.4714
0.11660159
24.73516971
2
0.2209
60
29.6673
30.1523
0.485
0.119965573
24.73516969
3
0.2046
21
29.7879
30.2419
0.454
0.11229767
24.7351696
Average
0.2132
29.40216667
29.8723
0.470133333
0.116288278
24.73516967
Standard
Deviation
0.008187185
0.56688328
0.564351096
0.015538769
0.003843541
5.57328E-08
process of precipitating AgCl and in determining the weight percentage of Cl in the given
unknown sample.
One of the key steps was heating the precipitate which is important for drying,
decomposition, volatilization, and accelerating filtration. Heating removes excess moisture or
solvent, leaving behind a solid precipitate. Furthermore, heating can speed up the filtration
process as it reduces the viscosity of the solution making it easier for the precipitate to settle and
for liquid to pass through the filter paper more easily.
Another key step is rinsing the precipitate with dilute HNO
3
which is important in
ensuring purity, proper chemical form, and suitability for further analysis. Moreover, the acid
can dissolve any foreign substances that may be co-precipitated with the desired element.
The use of the desiccator during the crucible drying process is essential in preventing
moisture absorption and minimizing the potential for errors in measurements. Absorbed moisture
can contaminate the experiment leading to inaccuracies.
Lastly, the process of dry-cool-weight ensures measurements are accurate, reliable, and
consistent through the elimination of moisture, verification of reaction completeness, and
reproducibility. Constant weighing illustrates that no further chemical changes are occurring,
and the reproducibility helps account for any environmental variations that may occur such as
humidity or temperature change. This provides an accurate and precise measurement of data.
Appendix
Sample Calculation of chloride weight percentage using replicate 1 from
Table 1
.
Find MW of AgCl:
MW = (1 x Ag g/mol) + (1 x Cl g/mol)
= (1 x 107.8682 g/mol) + (1 x 35.45 g/mol)
= 143.3182 g/mol
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Find moles of AgCl:
m
= mass/MW
= 0.4714 g / 143.3182 g/mol
= 0.003289184486 mol
According to the stoichiometry, 1:1 ratio of Ag and Cl. Therefore, moles of chloride is the same
as the moles of AgCl.
Find mass of Cl:
mass = mol x MW
= 0.003289184486 mol x 35.45 g/mol
= 0.11660159 g
Find w.t.% of Cl:
w.t. % = (mass of Cl / mass of sample) x 100
= (0.11660159 g / 0.4714 g) x 100
= 24.73516971 %
= 24.74 %
Reference
Harris, Daniel C, and Charles A Lucy.
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
. 10th ed., New York, NY,
Macmillan Learning, 2020.
York University. Analytical Chemistry: Laboratory Manual, 2023.
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