Prietha.Thavakumaran.Experiment2

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2080

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Dec 6, 2023

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SC/CHEM 2080: Analytical Chemistry Experiment 2: Gravimetric Determination of Chloride Prietha Thavakumaran TA: Lisa Azzarello Dates Performed: September 28 th 2023 (Part A) October 17 th , 2023 (Part B) Due: Tuesday, October 24 th , 2023
eAbstract Silver chloride (AgCl) was formed when silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) was added to a solution with chloride ions (Cl - ). Using the AgCl formed, the mass of chlorine in an unknown sample was determined. Three replicates were made and the average chlorine weight percent of the unknown sample was 24.73516967 g with a standard deviation of 0.0000000557328 g. Results Table 1. Experimental data of gravimetric determination of chloride Three replicates were made and the associating AgCl used is displayed. The calculations of chloride’s weight percentage can be found in the Appendix. The given unknown sample number was 418. The silver nitrate was observed to be a white opaque liquid forming when met with silver chloride, and eventually forming a white precipitation/powder cloud floating in all three replicates. All three replicates were heated on a hot plate for about 15 minutes; no opaque precipitate was formed with 1 mL of silver nitrate; concluded the precipitation of AgCl. Discussion The results indicate that chloride weight is about 24.7% of the unknown sample and the standard deviation indicates that the replicates are accurate and precise as the distribution of the replicates is quite narrow and approaches the mean. However, some possible sources of error may indicate the uncertainty of these measurements such as analytical balance measurement error, and/or molecular weight calculation error. Furthermore, many steps were taken during the Replicate # AgCl Weight (g) Crucible # Initial Weight of Dried Crucible (g) Final Weight of Crucible + Precipitate(g) Precipitate Weight (g) Cl Weight of Unknown (g) Cl Weight % of Unknown 1 0.2141 125 28.7513 29.2227 0.4714 0.11660159 24.73516971 2 0.2209 60 29.6673 30.1523 0.485 0.119965573 24.73516969 3 0.2046 21 29.7879 30.2419 0.454 0.11229767 24.7351696 Average 0.2132 29.40216667 29.8723 0.470133333 0.116288278 24.73516967 Standard Deviation 0.008187185 0.56688328 0.564351096 0.015538769 0.003843541 5.57328E-08
process of precipitating AgCl and in determining the weight percentage of Cl in the given unknown sample. One of the key steps was heating the precipitate which is important for drying, decomposition, volatilization, and accelerating filtration. Heating removes excess moisture or solvent, leaving behind a solid precipitate. Furthermore, heating can speed up the filtration process as it reduces the viscosity of the solution making it easier for the precipitate to settle and for liquid to pass through the filter paper more easily. Another key step is rinsing the precipitate with dilute HNO 3 which is important in ensuring purity, proper chemical form, and suitability for further analysis. Moreover, the acid can dissolve any foreign substances that may be co-precipitated with the desired element. The use of the desiccator during the crucible drying process is essential in preventing moisture absorption and minimizing the potential for errors in measurements. Absorbed moisture can contaminate the experiment leading to inaccuracies. Lastly, the process of dry-cool-weight ensures measurements are accurate, reliable, and consistent through the elimination of moisture, verification of reaction completeness, and reproducibility. Constant weighing illustrates that no further chemical changes are occurring, and the reproducibility helps account for any environmental variations that may occur such as humidity or temperature change. This provides an accurate and precise measurement of data. Appendix Sample Calculation of chloride weight percentage using replicate 1 from Table 1 . Find MW of AgCl: MW = (1 x Ag g/mol) + (1 x Cl g/mol) = (1 x 107.8682 g/mol) + (1 x 35.45 g/mol) = 143.3182 g/mol
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Find moles of AgCl: m = mass/MW = 0.4714 g / 143.3182 g/mol = 0.003289184486 mol According to the stoichiometry, 1:1 ratio of Ag and Cl. Therefore, moles of chloride is the same as the moles of AgCl. Find mass of Cl: mass = mol x MW = 0.003289184486 mol x 35.45 g/mol = 0.11660159 g Find w.t.% of Cl: w.t. % = (mass of Cl / mass of sample) x 100 = (0.11660159 g / 0.4714 g) x 100 = 24.73516971 % = 24.74 %
Reference Harris, Daniel C, and Charles A Lucy. Quantitative Chemical Analysis . 10th ed., New York, NY, Macmillan Learning, 2020. York University. Analytical Chemistry: Laboratory Manual, 2023.