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Chemistry

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Oct 30, 2023

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FARAH MADKOUR IBRAHIM 219913219 22/3/2023 Chemistry Lab 5 Part I: Ferrofluid- Preparation and Properties 1: a) They consist of a magnetic solid suspended in a liquid medium. 2: c) It can be targeted to specific sites in the body. 3: b) Adding a substance called a surfactant 4: their small size and magnetic properties. Due to their small size, iron nanoparticles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which makes them highly reactive to magnets and also due to the property of weak interaction among nanoparticles and forming a Brownian movement colloidal solution . 5: FeCl2(aq) + 2 FeCl3(aq) + 8 NH3(aq) + 4H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + 8 NH4Cl(aq) 6: Surfactants are molecules with an amphiphilic nature endowed with dual properties of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. A surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. Another example than oleic acid is dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA). 7: Ferrofluids are formed through a combination of magnetic, ionic, and van der Waals forces. On the molecular level, magnetite (Fe3O4) is held together by ionic interactions in the crystal lattice, while tetramethylammonium and hydroxide are covalent molecules held together by ionic interactions. Van der Waals forces are responsible for the attractive forces between particles, which can lead to coagulation and the formation of aggregates. The surfactant added to the fluid also helps to counteract this, by providing a repulsive force that keeps the particles separated. 8: 1 d 2 c 3 f 4 e 5 g 6 h 7 j 8 m 9 k 10 l
11 i 12 a 9: X is paramagnetic Y is Ferromagnetic 10: V2O5 has a formal oxidation state of +5 and no unpaired electrons(1s22s22p63s23p63d0 4s0), making it diamagnetic .On the other hand, in VO, vanadium is in its +2 oxidation state and an odd number of electrons 3(V+2 is 1s22s22p63s23p63d3 4s0), making it paramagnetic. VO will be attracted more strongly in a magnetic field 11: Ferrofluids have numerous applications in various fields, some of which are: 1. Biomedical applications: Ferrofluids are used in the medical field for drug delivery and targeted cancer therapy. Magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a ferrofluid can be directed to specific areas of the body using an external magnetic field, increasing the accuracy of drug delivery and reducing the toxicity of the medication. 2. Sealing and damping applications: Ferrofluids can be used as seals and lubricants in high-speed rotating machinery, such as hard drives and loudspeakers, due to their ability to dampen vibrations and friction. 3. Energy applications: Ferrofluids can be used to increase the efficiency of heat transfer in various cooling applications, including computer chips and power electronics. They can also be used in the manufacture of magnetic switches and sensors, which are used in a variety of applications, including automotive, aerospace, and industrial equipment. Part II: Crystal Defects-Case study for Steel Part II) 1) Copper is smaller than gold so it will substitute the the gold atoms, meaning it’s a substitutional impurity 2) Carbon is likely to be an interstitial impurity in iron because its atomic radius is much smaller than that of iron, and it would fit better in the interstitial sites between iron atoms rather than replacing an iron atom in the lattice.. 3) a) The units of T are Kelvin (K). b) The units for Ev are in joules (j). c) A crystal can have no vacancies at absolute zero temperature (0 K). d) fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead: Nv/N= exp(0.55/8.62*10^-5*600) = 2.41*10^-5 4) true 5) b) line defects 6) c) Cast iron 7) The charge on the crystal before the defect is formed is zero (neutral).
8) A cation is missing making the charge negative (-1) 9) Charge on an ionic crystal should be zero. It should have equal positive and negative charges in it which makes it overall neutral. 10) By adding an isoelectric cation in to the crystal we can neutralize the charge on the it . we can dope the crystal using K+ ion so that the overall charge on the system becomes zero. 11) Before the defect the charge on crystal is zero 12) Charge on the crystal after defect is positive (+1) 13) One thing that could be done to the crystal to try to make the charge zero is to add a cation vacancy, which would balance the positive charge of the iron ion with a missing cation 14) In ferrite the unit cell of iron is body-centered-cubic (BCC) 15) The unit cell of austenite is face-centered cubic (FCC) 16) The change is that Austenite has the face-centered cubic structure then it becomes martensite which has a body-centered cubic structure. 17) i) a) Elements like phosphorous, sulfur and silicon in varying quantities ii) b) Austenite, ferrite iii) d) Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties iv) d) The cementite is identified as round particles in the structure. v) c) ) Ferrite and pearlite vi) a) Nickel, chromium and manganese
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