CH223_Ch_12_Gravimetry

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Oct 30, 2023

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Chapter 12 – Gravimetric Analysis Precipitation Method - Sample + Reagent Analyte reacts to give a solid precipitate that is weighed Volatization Method - heat Sample Vaporize Analyte and Weigh Residue or Vaporize Analyte, Collect, and Weigh Vapor
In-Class Problem 2.000 g of impure NaCl is dissolved in water. Excess AgNO 3 is added and 4.628 g of AgCl precipitates. What is the % Cl in the sample?
Ideal Precipitate 1) Insoluble 2) Readily Filtered 3) Free of Contaminants 4) Unreactive 5) Known Composition
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Types of Precipitate Examples 1) Course Crystallize PbSO 4 Most ideal 2 ) Fine Crystalline - colloids BaSO 4 3) Crudy AgCl Your precipitate in CH 223 lab. Shown at right on filter paper. 4) Gelatinous Fe(OH) 3 Least ideal
Types of Solution 1) Saturated - every particle that can theoretically dissolve is in solution. Depends on temperature, solubility, mixing. Important to gravimetric analysis. 2) Unsaturated - more solute can dissolve. Not important to gravimetric analysis. 3) Supersaturated - an unstable condition where more compound than theoretically possible is in solution. Ex: MgNH 4 PO 4 To remove supersaturation - shake the solution or add a “seed” crystal.
Precipitate Generation Nucleation - formation of tiny particles around which the bulk of the precipitate grows - Particle Growth If the nucleation period is long - fine, gelatinous, or crudy particles dominate. Desire: Short nucleation period (supersaturation) and long particle growth (saturation).
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To Make a Better Precipitate 1) Precipitate from dilute solution. 2) Add precipitating reagent slowly with mixing. (This keeps the concentration at the point of mixing small.) 3) Use a pH were precipitation is quantitative (i.e., everything that can precipitate does precipitate). 4) Precipitate from a hot solution. 5) Digest precipitate. Let the precipitate sit for hours, which allows better crystals to form, poor crystals to redissolve, and removes trapped impurities.
Coprecipitation Phenomena – major source of error in gravimetric analysis (assuming lab technique is good—if not, that’s the major source of error) 1) Surface Adsorption - sticking of particles to precipitate surface by electrostatic attraction. More of a problem with colloids because of their high surface areas. Ex: Mixing NaCl and AgNO 3 : Na + and NO 3 - adsorb to the AgCl precipitate.
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Coprecipitation Phenomena, conti. 1) Surface Adsorption , conti. Decrease by: a) Washing precipitate and reprecipitating b) Digestion c) Use a volatile counter salt (e.g., ammonium salts) Ex: NH 4 Cl + heat NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) d) Precipitate homogenously - chemically generate the precipitation agent slowly in solution Ex : For the analysis of Cu, Cd, and Mo ions, generation of H 2 S with thioacetamide CH 3 CSNH 2 + H 2 O CH 3 CONH 2 + H 2 S
Coprecipitation Phenomena, conti. 2) Occlusion - impurities are trapped inside of precipitate crystals. Decrease by: a) precipitate homogeneously b) reprecipitate or digest
Coprecipitation Phenomena, conti. 3) Isomorphic Inclusion - mixture formation, compounds form with similar crystal structures. Ex: MgNH 4 PO 4 and MgKPO 4 Radius of K + ≈ Radius of NH 4 + They have similar crystal structures, but the mass of NH 4 is 18 g and the mass of K is 39 g. Therefore, if they crystallize as a mixed structure, there will be a serious mass error in the gravimetric analysis. Decrease by: Avoiding situations where this occurs.
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Coprecipitation Phenomena, conti. 4) Post-precipitation - an impurity precipitates onto the primary precipitate after the initial precipitation step. Ex: MgC 2 O 4 precipitates onto CaC 2 O 4 ZnS precipitates onto CuS The reasons this occurs are unclear. Decrease by: a) Filter immediately after precipitation. b) Avoid analyses where this occurs.
Bottom Line on Precipitation Gravimetry - A precipitate must be formed that contains the analyte. - The analyte must be an ion that will form an insoluble salt. - A specific reagent that only reacts with the analyte (and not with impurities in the sample) is needed. - Consequently, the method works in only a few situations. - When it does work and if there are no co-precipitation phenomena and the analyst has used proper lab technique, then the accuracy and precision are excellent.

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