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The discovery and measurement of the Higg’s Boson in the Large Hadron Collider Rationale The Claim: “The Large Hadron Collider is essentially useless because the particles created are so short lived,” has several aspects that could be investigated. The first considers the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is the largest particle accelerator on the planet, stretching 27 km under Geneva Switzerland, with the function of accelerating hadrons (particles held together by quarks and gluons) to form high energy collisions (CERN, 2021). From these collisions, new particles are produced which decay into the well-recognised particles in the Standard Model (SM). This process introduces the other aspects of the claim: essentially useless and so short lived . The collider makes up only one of three essential parts of the project, the other two involve a) the detectors (ATLAS and CMS) which provide an observation of what happens after the collision, and b) the computing grid responsible for collecting the data (UKRI, 2019). Despite the short lives of the heavy particles, the known decay products can be used by the detectors to track the origin of the decay chain (Landua, 2008). If the LHC is to be considered useless, its effectiveness regarding verification of particle theory needs to be evaluated. To do this, certain aspects of the claim must be investigated. It would be logical to first consider the specific particles used in each experiment and their purpose. One of the commonly used hadrons in the collider are protons. The LHC allows for 600 million pairs of protons to collide each second at an energy yielding 14 TeV, which can produce instantaneous heavy particles on very rare occasions (Gianotti F, Virdee TS, 2015). A discovery of one of these heavy particles was made in 2012, thus verifying the existence of a Higg’s Boson, an elementary particle which manifests a field (Higg’s field) which gives all particles their mass and introduces new theories regarding supersymmetry and dark matter yet to be explored (US Department of energy, 2020). Hence, for a particle with such significance to be discovered, it would be necessary to consider the reliability of the LHC in measuring particles of such short life span. The reliability of the measurement process is highly dependent on the LHC’s ultimate precision. For instance, if the collider was only able to measure 50% of the total proton collisions, then the LHC’s ability to detect new particles would be inefficient. Therefore, if it can be determined that the LHC can measure the properties of particles like the Higg’s Boson to a precise degree, the claim can be responded to with evidence proving the value of the collider. Therefore, the specific research question to be investigated is as follows: To what level of systematic precision are the ATLAS and CMS detectors and associated procedures in the Large Hadron Collider able to measure the properties and verify the existence of quantum particles particularly for the Higg’s Boson with an average lifetime of 1.56 × 10 -22 s and mass of 125.10 ± 0.14 GeV/c 2 ?
Scientific Background In the late 1940’s, theoretical physicists proved that a quantum field theory regarding electrons and photons could describe electromagnetic interactions at high energy. However, the theory could not model nuclear interactions due to its corresponding particles having a mass compared to the massless photon (CERN, 2021). In response to this dilemma, a collection of scientists in 1964 proposed a mechanism which could give mass to all elementary particles in space by interactions. This mechanism became known as the Higg’s field, allowing particles to obtain mass depending on how significant the interactions are. Once all of the interactions had been theoretically derived, the scientists found that the force carrying particles had a mass, and the unwanted spinless, massless particle was absorbed by elementary particles. These particles obtained a third spin state, but subsequently, the only remaining particle was termed the Higg’s Boson, which completes the theory underlying the Standard Model (APS Physics, 2013). In order to verify the existence of such a strongly theoretically based particle, the LHC was introduced to the world in 2008. Its function was quite simple in idea; however, the practical efficiency of the project was not easy to obtain. Bunches of protons are accelerated in opposite directions with a circular trajectory just to collide at the centre head-on with perfect orientation in order for the quarks and gluons inside each particle to interact. This incredible process was made possible by the use of beam pipes, particle accelerators and powerful magnets to increase the number of collisions per bunch (Landua, 2008). As either low-energy or heavier particles are produced, the measurement process is particularly important. ATLAS and CMS are the most significant detectors and have a role of measuring the particles produced and reconstruct what was formed in the initial interaction. To increase the level of precision, massive electronic channels are needed to capture the
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