5-nitrate.handout
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of Kentucky *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
209
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
4
Uploaded by stevensonaaliyah9
Aaliyah Stevenson, Esha Patel, Nolan Odell, Eesha Parekh
Nitrate reduction Case Study for group work
In Los Angeles in 1997, a stocked cash drop vault for the Dunbar armored car service was robbed of $18.9 million dollars. The guard was ambushed by 5 masked people who then broke into the vault, emptied the cash into a U-Haul, and drove away. Police tailed the U-Haul until shots were fired from the passenger side window and the police officer driving was hit in the shoulder. Minutes later, a second police car spotted the abandoned, empty U-Haul in a nearby neighborhood. Two individuals were taken into custody for questioning and their clothing was tested for gunshot residue, the small particles that are emitted from the back and the muzzle of
a fired weapon. Nitrates
are present in fresh gunpowder and nitrites
are present in the residue from burned gunpowder. The modified Greiss test, a variation of the nitrate reduction test, is used in crime scene investigations because it does not require a broth solution and will detect the nitrite compounds formed when gunpowder is fired.
1.
The clothing from both suspects are subjected to a modified Griess test in the state crime lab. For suspect #1 – there is no color change on the fabric with the addition of solutions A and B (Figure A below). The fabric does turn red when zinc is added. Identify what nitrogen containing molecules are present on the shirt. Can this shirt fabric be used as evidence that
the suspect fired or handled a gun? Explain.
If the fabric color changes to red when zinc is added, that means that nitrate compound is present in the fabric because addition of zinc reduces the nitrate to nitrite and nitrite reacts with sulfanilic acid. This clearly tells that the shirt fabric can be used as evidence to prove that the suspect fired or handled the gun 2.
For suspect #2 – there is a color change on the fabric with the addition of solutions A and B (Figure B below). Identify what nitrogen containing molecules are present on the shirt. Can this shirt fabric be used as evidence that the suspect fired or handled a gun? Explain.
If red color comes up after the use of solutions on the fabric, it means it contains some compound of nitrite and as explained nitrite reacts with sulfanilic acid to produce diazotized sulfanilic acid which reacts with a naphthylamine to form red azo dye. The shirt fabric can be used as evidence to prove that the suspect fired or handled a gun. 1
3.
When presented with the results of the Modified Greiss test, both of the suspects claim to have been handling ammonium nitrate fertilizers at their jobs with a landscape company. Could this be an explanation for the results in either suspect’s modified Greiss test? Which suspect? Explain.
This could be an explanation for the results of the modified Greiss test for suspect B. The red color after the addition of zinc was present on suspect B so there was nitrate present that could have been from the nitrate fertilizer or the gunpowder. 4.
You call the suspects employer (a landscape company) and learn that the suspects were fired over a month ago. In light of that and other incriminating evidence, the suspects are formally charged with the robbery and kept in custody. When their hired lawyers begin to build their case, it is discovered that the reagents used in the modified Greiss test were expired 3 days prior to their use. The manufacturer guarantees results on reagents so recently expired but the lawyers ask the state crime lab to demonstrate that the reagents are working properly so the test results can be upheld in court. Because the crime lab is next door to the state infectious disease lab, it’s decided that microbes will be used as positive and negative controls to ensure that the modified Greiss test reagents are working properly. The four microbes listed below were subjected to a nitrate reduction test with fresh reagents. Results of that test are below. Fill in the missing information on each microbe in the table. MICROBE
DESCRIPTION (include gram stain, shape, and arrangement)
COLOR CHANGE W ADDITION OF A
AND B
COLOR CHANGE W ADDITION OF ZINC
POSITIVE/NEGATIVE
FOR NITRATE REDUCTASE?
Staphylococcus
aureus Cluster
Gram positive
Cocci yes
n/a
Positive
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative,
rod, single monotrichous arrangement
no
no
Positive
Neisseria gonorrhea
gram negative, round, diplococci arrangement
No
yes
Negative
2
Select a microbe that is positive for nitrate reduction and a microbe that is negative for nitrate reduction for use in testing the expired reagents in your modified Greiss test. List
your selected positive control microbe and describe its ability to reduce nitrates into nitrites or further reduction to molecule nitrogen. List your selected negative control microbe.
Positive control microbe: Staphylococcus aureus
This microbe is able to reduce nitrates to: nitrite Negative control microbe: gonorrhea
5.
The state infectious disease lab agrees to test the positive and negative control microbe in a
modified Greiss test with the expired crime lab reagents. The lab technician performing the test sprays the lab bench with ethanol, an extra precaution to protect from Covid which is also studied in the lab, and the labels fall off of the microbe culture tubes. In order to find the which culture is which, the lab tech inoculates both the positive and negative control cultures in thioglycolate broth with casein and yeast extract added to provide a source of nitrogen. List the types of metabolism your positive and negative control are capable of performing and their expected growth pattern in the thioglycolate + nitrogen tube. Type of metabolism (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and/or fermentation)
Expected growth pattern in a thioglycolate + nitrogen tube
Positive control microbe: Staphylococcus aureus Anaerobic respiration
expected heavy growth on top of the tube, and growth throughout the top but not as heavy as on top.
Negative control microbe: Neisseria gonorrhea
Relies on aerobic respiration
There will be growth only
on top of the tube.
3
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
The following day, the lab tech looks at the tubes and the positive and negative control growth patterns in the thioglycoate + nitrogen tubes are clearly distinguishable. These control microbes
are subjected to the modified Greiss test using the expired crime lab reagents. The expected results are observed for positive and negative control microbe (color change, no color change respectively), proving that the reagents work, the evidence can be used in court, the criminals go to jail, the stolen money is recovered, the lab tech gets a big raise, and the day is saved.
4
Related Documents
Related Questions
Dangerous Paint Stripper Jessica has a summer job working for the
city parks program. She has been using a cleaner called “Graffiti Gone” to
remove graffiti from the bathrooms. She has to take a lot of breaks, because
the chemical makes her throat burn. It also makes her feel dizzy sometimes,
especially when the bathrooms don’t have very many windows. On the label, she
sees that the cleaner has methylene chloride in it. She feels like she’s
managing to get the work done, but she is worried about feeling dizzy. She
wants to find out more about this chemical, what harm it can cause, and
whether there are safer ways to do this work.
Questions for following story.
1. What went right in this situation?
2. What went wrong in this situation?
3. What steps should be taken in this workplace to make sure employees are
better protected and prepared the next time?
arrow_forward
Read and interpret the following information using the following abstract from a scientific journal article. In 2-3 sentences, summarize what you understand from this research
arrow_forward
Strontium phosphate, Sr3(PO4)2Sr3(PO4)2, dissociates when placed in water. This compound has a solubility of 0.112 mg/L in water at 20 °C.
Calculate the Ksp of Sr3(PO4)2Sr3(PO4)2. Please write your answer using scientific notation according to the following format: 0.0010 would be writen as 1.0*10^-3.
arrow_forward
Mock Crime Scene Scenario: The police were called to an apartment to investigate complaints of a suspicious sound of a gunshot. The door was locked, so the police entered the apartment with force. A woman was found dead in the apartment, from a fatal gunshot wound to the head. Since she had a gun in her hand, the Medical Examiner is questioning if this was a homicide or if she committed suicide. A neighbor was questioned and told police that she saw the woman’s ex-husband enter the apartment earlier that day. She heard arguing that escalated into screaming right before she heard a gunshot, which prompted her to call the police. The crime scene was processed by police to locate as much evidence as possible. A suicide note was found on the counter. A pen found next to the suicide note was also collected. Multiple cigarette butts were found in an ashtray near the suicide note. A cigarette was found in the woman’s left hand. A gun was found in her right hand. Both were collected as…
arrow_forward
1) Listen
-5
The Ksp value for calcium sulfate [CaSO4] is 2.40 X 10 and a professor made 1825
mL of a CaSO4(ag) solution but then one of his graduate student accidentally poured
in a 0.125 M solution of calcium phosphate [Cag(PO4)2] solution. You may ignore
the additional volume coming from the Ca3(PO4)2 solution to make the calculation
simpler. Calculate the new sulfate (SO42) ion concentration at equilibrium with this
common ion effect.
6.40 x 10-5
5.25 x 10-5
6.21 x 10-5
5.44 x 10-5
201591..docx
LAB EXP. #3 -..docx
Show All
arrow_forward
Olympic athletes are tested to see whether or not they are using illegal performance-enhancing drugs. Suppose that urine samples are taken and analyzed, and the rate of false positive results is 1%. Suppose also that it is too expensive to refine the method to reduce the rate of false positive results.We certainly do not want to accuse innocent people of using illegal drugs. What can you do to reduce the rate of false accusations even though the test always has a false positive rate of 1%?
arrow_forward
1) Listen
The Ksp value for calcium sulfate [CaSO4] is 2.40 X 10-5 and a professor made 1825
mL of a CaSO4(ag) solution but then one of his graduate student accidentally poured
in a 0.125 M solution of calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] solution. You may ignore
the additional volume coming from the Cag(PO4)2 solution to make the calculation
simpler. Now that you have calculated the new equilibrium constant (K) with this
common ion effect then which way will the chemical equilibrium shift?
need more information to be determined
at equilibrium
chemical equilibrium will shift to the right first and then to the left
chemical equilibrium will shift to the right
chemical equilibrium will shift to the left
201591..docx
LAB EXP. #3 -..docx
Show All
arrow_forward
This assignment is designed to help you learn how to
determine total costs by combining direct and indirect
costs for a particular department.
In this GHA, you will be determining the total costs for
three departments: (1) Physical Therapy (2)
Occupational Therapy and (3) Speech Therapy.
To determine the total costs, you will need to add the
direct costs to the indirect costs using the template
provided below.
Please use the example provided in the assignment
description if you find that you need some support
understanding the required calculations.
DIRECT COSTS
The direct costs for each department are easily
identifiable, because they are the costs that are directly
attributable to the department.
The direct costs are as follows:
Physical Therapy (PT)
Occupational Therapy (OT)
Speech Therapy (ST)
Total Direct Costs
INDIRECT COSTS
The indirect costs will need to be allocated to Physical
Therapy (PT), Occupational Therapy (OT), and Speech
Therapy (ST).
The indirect costs in this…
arrow_forward
You are interested to know the Q10 value for mean heart rate (# of beats/10 sec) for a species of crab for the
temperature interval of 25°C - 35°C. To find this value, you collect data for these six temperatures and calculate mean
heart rate (# of beats/10 sec) for each temperature. Here is the data:
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
Mean Heart Rate (#
23.67
23.89
24.33
27
35.89
37.78
beats/10 sec)
What is the Q1o value for heart rate (# of beats/10 seconds) for the temperature interval of 25°C - 35°C? Round your
answer to two decimal places.
arrow_forward
2 K₂Cr₂O7 (aq) + 8 H₂SO4 (aq) + 3 C₂H5OH(aq) --> 2 Cr₂(SO4)3 (aq) + 2 K₂SO4 (aq) + 3 CH3COOH (aq) + 11 H₂O (1)
The above reaction is what occurs in a breathalyzer test. The ethanol (MM = 46.08 g/mol) reacts with the dichromate ion in potassium dichromate (MM =
294.20 g/mol) to produce the green chromate ion in chromium sulfate (MM = 392.21 g/mol). The sample is analyzed in a hand-held spectrophotometer, and
the amount of light transmitted is converted into an electrical signal. The signal is then converted to an absorbance value which is proportional to the
amount of ethanol in a sample.
Calculate the grams of chromium sulfate formed from 0.0250 g ethanol. Enter the value with no units.
arrow_forward
19-21
arrow_forward
A 23-year-old woman with a history of asthma was brought to the emergency
department by ambulance. She was extremely short of breath. Her level of
consciousness was diminished greatly, and she was only able to respond to questions
with nods or one-word responses. She had a weak cough, with nearly inaudible
breath sounds. After drawing blood gases, she was placed on supplemental oxygen.
Vital signs: heart rate, 160 bpm; blood pressure, 120/84 mm Hg; temperature, 37°C;
and respiratory rate, 36/min. Her initial blood gas and total hemoglobin results were
as follows:
pH = 7.330
pCO2 = 25 mm Hg
pO2 = 58 mm Hg
HCO3 = 13 mmol/L
tHb = 12.4 g/L
QUESTIONS:
4. What clinical findings are most indicative of this patient’s impending
failure?
arrow_forward
+
terface/acellus_engine.htm?ClassID=1467683063
Use the data below to determine the
mass ratio of iron to oxygen for
compound 2.
Compound
1
2
Et
onal Academy of Science. All Rights Reserved.
Mass Fe
(grams)
15.55
20.98
[20:1
Enter the answer that belongs in the green box.
Iron Ratio Cmpd 2
Mass O
(grams)
4.45
9.02
Sh
Enter
arrow_forward
hi please help me with this problem need it until 9:06 am thank you. Kindly please make it short, not long. thank you soo much
fROM THE PICTURE (A) Write down 10 hazards that you can observe in the said picture. (B) Identify the type or category of hazard (physical, chemical, microbiological, allergenic) that you observed and write its category beside the name of the corresponding hazard. To facilitate the checking of your answers, number them accordingly (1 to 10). Example: 1. nail - physical *
arrow_forward
Which of the following is a benefit of implementing a Total Productive
Maintenance (TPM) program?
a) Reduced downtime
b) Increased production costs
c) Higher inventory levels
d) Longer lead times
arrow_forward
A chemist working as a safety inspector finds an unmarked bottle in a lab cabinet. A note on the door of the cabinet says the cabinet is used to store bottles of
carbon tetrachloride, diethylamine, pentane, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran.
The chemist plans to try to identify the unknown liquid by measuring the density and comparing to known densities. First, from his collection of Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS), the chemist finds the following information:
liquid
density
- 3
1.6 g·cm
carbon tetrachloride
diethylamine
- 3
0.71 g·cm
pentane
3
0.63 g cm
3
0.79 g cm
acetone
tetrahydrofuran
- 3
0.89 g cm
Next, the chemist measures the volume of the unknown liquid as 1.427 L and the mass of the unknown liquid as 894. g.
Calculate the density of the liquid. Round
3
your answer to 3 significant digits.
|lg.cm
Given the data above, is it possible to identify
the liquid?
yes
no
carbon tetrachloride
diethylamine
If it is possible to identify the liquid, do so.
pentane
acetone
tetrahydrofuran
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you

Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Principles of Modern Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079113
Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Related Questions
- Dangerous Paint Stripper Jessica has a summer job working for the city parks program. She has been using a cleaner called “Graffiti Gone” to remove graffiti from the bathrooms. She has to take a lot of breaks, because the chemical makes her throat burn. It also makes her feel dizzy sometimes, especially when the bathrooms don’t have very many windows. On the label, she sees that the cleaner has methylene chloride in it. She feels like she’s managing to get the work done, but she is worried about feeling dizzy. She wants to find out more about this chemical, what harm it can cause, and whether there are safer ways to do this work. Questions for following story. 1. What went right in this situation? 2. What went wrong in this situation? 3. What steps should be taken in this workplace to make sure employees are better protected and prepared the next time?arrow_forwardRead and interpret the following information using the following abstract from a scientific journal article. In 2-3 sentences, summarize what you understand from this researcharrow_forwardStrontium phosphate, Sr3(PO4)2Sr3(PO4)2, dissociates when placed in water. This compound has a solubility of 0.112 mg/L in water at 20 °C. Calculate the Ksp of Sr3(PO4)2Sr3(PO4)2. Please write your answer using scientific notation according to the following format: 0.0010 would be writen as 1.0*10^-3.arrow_forward
- Mock Crime Scene Scenario: The police were called to an apartment to investigate complaints of a suspicious sound of a gunshot. The door was locked, so the police entered the apartment with force. A woman was found dead in the apartment, from a fatal gunshot wound to the head. Since she had a gun in her hand, the Medical Examiner is questioning if this was a homicide or if she committed suicide. A neighbor was questioned and told police that she saw the woman’s ex-husband enter the apartment earlier that day. She heard arguing that escalated into screaming right before she heard a gunshot, which prompted her to call the police. The crime scene was processed by police to locate as much evidence as possible. A suicide note was found on the counter. A pen found next to the suicide note was also collected. Multiple cigarette butts were found in an ashtray near the suicide note. A cigarette was found in the woman’s left hand. A gun was found in her right hand. Both were collected as…arrow_forward1) Listen -5 The Ksp value for calcium sulfate [CaSO4] is 2.40 X 10 and a professor made 1825 mL of a CaSO4(ag) solution but then one of his graduate student accidentally poured in a 0.125 M solution of calcium phosphate [Cag(PO4)2] solution. You may ignore the additional volume coming from the Ca3(PO4)2 solution to make the calculation simpler. Calculate the new sulfate (SO42) ion concentration at equilibrium with this common ion effect. 6.40 x 10-5 5.25 x 10-5 6.21 x 10-5 5.44 x 10-5 201591..docx LAB EXP. #3 -..docx Show Allarrow_forwardOlympic athletes are tested to see whether or not they are using illegal performance-enhancing drugs. Suppose that urine samples are taken and analyzed, and the rate of false positive results is 1%. Suppose also that it is too expensive to refine the method to reduce the rate of false positive results.We certainly do not want to accuse innocent people of using illegal drugs. What can you do to reduce the rate of false accusations even though the test always has a false positive rate of 1%?arrow_forward
- 1) Listen The Ksp value for calcium sulfate [CaSO4] is 2.40 X 10-5 and a professor made 1825 mL of a CaSO4(ag) solution but then one of his graduate student accidentally poured in a 0.125 M solution of calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] solution. You may ignore the additional volume coming from the Cag(PO4)2 solution to make the calculation simpler. Now that you have calculated the new equilibrium constant (K) with this common ion effect then which way will the chemical equilibrium shift? need more information to be determined at equilibrium chemical equilibrium will shift to the right first and then to the left chemical equilibrium will shift to the right chemical equilibrium will shift to the left 201591..docx LAB EXP. #3 -..docx Show Allarrow_forwardThis assignment is designed to help you learn how to determine total costs by combining direct and indirect costs for a particular department. In this GHA, you will be determining the total costs for three departments: (1) Physical Therapy (2) Occupational Therapy and (3) Speech Therapy. To determine the total costs, you will need to add the direct costs to the indirect costs using the template provided below. Please use the example provided in the assignment description if you find that you need some support understanding the required calculations. DIRECT COSTS The direct costs for each department are easily identifiable, because they are the costs that are directly attributable to the department. The direct costs are as follows: Physical Therapy (PT) Occupational Therapy (OT) Speech Therapy (ST) Total Direct Costs INDIRECT COSTS The indirect costs will need to be allocated to Physical Therapy (PT), Occupational Therapy (OT), and Speech Therapy (ST). The indirect costs in this…arrow_forwardYou are interested to know the Q10 value for mean heart rate (# of beats/10 sec) for a species of crab for the temperature interval of 25°C - 35°C. To find this value, you collect data for these six temperatures and calculate mean heart rate (# of beats/10 sec) for each temperature. Here is the data: 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C Mean Heart Rate (# 23.67 23.89 24.33 27 35.89 37.78 beats/10 sec) What is the Q1o value for heart rate (# of beats/10 seconds) for the temperature interval of 25°C - 35°C? Round your answer to two decimal places.arrow_forward
- 2 K₂Cr₂O7 (aq) + 8 H₂SO4 (aq) + 3 C₂H5OH(aq) --> 2 Cr₂(SO4)3 (aq) + 2 K₂SO4 (aq) + 3 CH3COOH (aq) + 11 H₂O (1) The above reaction is what occurs in a breathalyzer test. The ethanol (MM = 46.08 g/mol) reacts with the dichromate ion in potassium dichromate (MM = 294.20 g/mol) to produce the green chromate ion in chromium sulfate (MM = 392.21 g/mol). The sample is analyzed in a hand-held spectrophotometer, and the amount of light transmitted is converted into an electrical signal. The signal is then converted to an absorbance value which is proportional to the amount of ethanol in a sample. Calculate the grams of chromium sulfate formed from 0.0250 g ethanol. Enter the value with no units.arrow_forward19-21arrow_forwardA 23-year-old woman with a history of asthma was brought to the emergency department by ambulance. She was extremely short of breath. Her level of consciousness was diminished greatly, and she was only able to respond to questions with nods or one-word responses. She had a weak cough, with nearly inaudible breath sounds. After drawing blood gases, she was placed on supplemental oxygen. Vital signs: heart rate, 160 bpm; blood pressure, 120/84 mm Hg; temperature, 37°C; and respiratory rate, 36/min. Her initial blood gas and total hemoglobin results were as follows: pH = 7.330 pCO2 = 25 mm Hg pO2 = 58 mm Hg HCO3 = 13 mmol/L tHb = 12.4 g/L QUESTIONS: 4. What clinical findings are most indicative of this patient’s impending failure?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Principles of Modern Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079113
Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning