Acids and Bases CER-1

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Chemistry

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Oct 30, 2023

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Acids and Bases CER Pre-Lab: According to the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, acids donate a hydrogen ion which produces their conjugate base. Acids dissociate in an aqueous solution to produce hydronium ions. There are different strengths of acids. The strongest acids dissociate completely, however weak acids will only partially dissociate. Acids react vigorously with metals. On the other hand, according to the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, bases accept a hydrogen ion which then produces their conjugate acid, otherwise known as what is left over on the product side. Strong bases, same as acids, dissociate more than weak bases. An acid-base reaction involves the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. A reaction between an acid and base will always produce another acid and another base, otherwise known as conjugate acid and conjugate base. In these reactions, sometimes gases will be produced from the formation of new substances. Acids make solutions taste sour or tart, they sting, they are electrolytes, and they react with metals. However, bases make solutions taste bitter, they feel slippery, they are electrolytes, and they do not react with metals. There are some acids and bases that are essential for life and some that are a part of many life interactions. There are several different types of indicators to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic. The first indicator is pH paper which measures the concentration of the hydrogen ion in solutions. On the scale, any substance with a pH under 7 is considered acidic, any substance with a pH equal to 7 is neutral, and any substance with a pH above 7 is basic. The pH paper will turn different colors depending on the pH paper, but the main are red for acidic and blue for basic. In addition, blue litmus paper will turn red for an acidic solution and blue for a basic solution. Likewise, the red litmus paper will turn red for an acidic solution and blue for a basic solution. The last indicator discussed is phenolphthalein. When placed in an acidic solution, the liquid will keep the solution clear. In contrast, when placed in a basic solution, phenolphthalein will turn the solution to a shade of pink. Claim: Solution “A” is an acid, solution “B” is a base, solution “C” is a base, and solution “D” is an acid. Evidence: DATA TABLES: A. Reactions with Indicators Substance Blue Litmus Red Litmus pH paper Phenolphthalein A red red dark red- pH 2 clear B blue blue blue- pH 10 dark magenta C blue blue blue- pH 10 magenta
D red red orange- pH 4 clear B. Reaction with Carbonate Substance Observations A Fizzed up and created bubbles B nothing happened, mixed together and formed a cloudy solution C nothing happened, mixed together and formed a cloudy solution D fizzed the most and created lots of bubbles C. Reaction with Metals Substance Observations A the magnesium strip is fizzing slightly B nothing happened C nothing happened D the magnesium strip is fizzing vigorously CALCULATIONS-
There were no errors reported during the experiment that had an impact on the result. The number of solutions differed slightly because we did not measure each out exactly, which resulted in a few minor errors. Even though we explicitly searched for it, the person in charge of cleaning the spot plate could not have gotten it completely clean. It's also possible that the room's temperature played a role. In the experiment, none of these possibilities came out as mistakes. Reasoning: The solutions can be found by experiments and testing. Solution "A" is an acid, "B" is a base, "C" is a base, and "D" is an acid. Acids have pH values of 1 to 6 and make blue litmus red, and turn phenolphthalein clear. Bases have pH values between 8 and 14 and make red litmus blue, and phenolphthalein magenta. However, hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction with the metal. When the hydrogen ion is bonded with an anion and reacting with magnesium itself, a single replacement reaction will occur. The magnesium and hydrogen ion would switch to where the magnesium is now attached to the anion and the hydrogen ion is by itself. The hydrogen ion is pure hydrogen gas. In the first part of the experiment, Reactions with Indicators, each substance was tested with blue litmus paper, red litmus paper, pH paper, and phenolphthalein. Substance A and D turned the blue litmus paper red, the red litmus paper red, the pH paper dark red, and phenolphthalein is clear in the solution. Substance B and C turned the blue litmus paper blue, the red litmus paper blue, the pH paper blue, and the phenolphthalein turned the solution magenta. The pH paper will turn different colors
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depending on the pH paper, but the main are red for acidic and blue for basic. Solution A turned the pH paper dark red. This means that substance A has a pH of 2 which proves that it is an acid. Both solution B and C made the pH paper blue indicating that both of the substances had a pH of 10. This pH level clearly indicates that Solution B and C is a base. Solution D turned the pH paper an orange color which signals a pH of 4. This shows that solution D is an acid. In addition, blue litmus paper will turn red for an acidic solution and blue for a basic solution. Likewise, the red litmus paper will turn red for an acidic solution and blue for a basic solution. The last indicator discussed is phenolphthalein. When placed in an acidic solution, the liquid will keep the solution clear. In contrast, when placed in a basic solution, phenolphthalein will turn the solution to a shade of pink. These changes in color show that solutions A and D are acids and solutions B and C are bases. In the second part of the experiment, Reaction with Carbonate, a pea-sized amount of carbonate was mixed with each solution. When carbonate was mixed with solutions A and D, the solution fizzed up with lots of bubbles. However, when carbonate was mixed with solutions B and C, nothing happened except for a cloudy look. As said before, an acid mixed with carbonate created carbonic acid which instantly broke up into water and carbon dioxide, the gas in the bubbles. The acid gives its hydrogen ion to the carbonate which is the main purpose of an acid. This proves that Solutions A and D are both acids. In the third and final part of the experiment, Reaction with Metals, a magnesium strip was put into each solution. Once the magnesium strips were placed in solutions A and D, the magnesium strips started to bubble and fizz. When the magnesium strips were placed in solutions B and C, nothing happened. As explained earlier, when an acid is mixed with a metal, the anion from the acid detaches and bonds with the metal, leaving the hydrogen ion all alone which is actually pure hydrogen gas. This explains why solutions A and D are proven to be acids. Throughout the whole experiment the spot plate, where each reaction was conducted, was thoroughly washed and rinsed before, in between, and after the experiment. The Br ⊘ nsted-Lowry Theory is that acids donate hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions. This theory is proven during the experiment, especially in the explanation of how the different gases were produced. An assumption from the experiment is that all of the materials provided were correctly labeled and used. The one thing that could be executed better is a set number or amount of solutions to use for each reaction in order to establish a constant.

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