Lab #4 - 1st Law of Thermodynamics

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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pdf

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Tuesday, July 4, 2023 Lab #4 - 1st Law of Thermodynamics You will use this worksheet as you work your way through the lab ac3vity and submit it on CANVAS will all fields completed. Learning Outcomes: • Quan2fy the rela2onship between heat energy transferred to a system and the change in temperature of the system Validate the value of the Universal Gas Constant from experimental data. • Understand the specific heat meaning and how to measure it. Supplies: • Access to the PhysicsLE Lab Simula2on SoLware – First Law of Thermodynamics Simula2on: Joule's Experiment • Blank paper and pencil for handwri2ng the work for your calcula2ons. Background: Heat energy transfer occurs when two different temperature substances are in thermal contact. There are addi2onal methods for heat energy to transfer. An example is rubbing your hands together vigorously. Mechanical energy used to move your muscles and rub your hands together caused an increase in temperature between your hands. Experiments observed by scien2sts concluded heat is another form of energy, flowing from one temperature difference to another between two objects. One experiment used by James Joule to observe heat transfer is demonstrated by a falling mass rota2ng a paddle within an insulated cylinder containing water. The water will increase in temperature and at a predictable amount. The experiment is idealized (no energy loss to the surrounding environment, massless and fric2onless pulleys, and no energy absorbed by the s2rring mechanism). You are fortunate, in the lab there will be a histogram displaying the gravita2onal poten2al energy of the falling mass and the change in thermal energy of the water. Procedure: Part 1: 1. Start the First Law of Thermodynamics Simula2on: Joule's Experiment. 2. Run #1 a. Set the Block Mass to 2.0 kg using the slider (move to the leL) b. Press Play c. Record the Temperature change and the change in Thermal Energy in Table 1. 1
Tuesday, July 4, 2023 d. Calculate the Temperature change per unit of heat energy and record it in the table. i. Show three significant figures to the right of the decimal place for your calcula2ons. 3. Run #2 a. Set the Block Mass to 5.0 kg using the slider (move to the leL) b. Press Play c. Record the Temperature change and the change in Thermal Energy in Table 1. d. Calculate the Temperature change per unit of heat energy and record it in the table. i. Show three significant figures to the right of the decimal place for your calcula2ons. 4. Run #3 a. Keep the Block Mass at 5.0 kg but decrease the Water Mass to 2.5 kg. b. Press Play c. Record the Temperature change and the change in Thermal Energy in Table 1. d. Calculate the Temperature change per unit of heat energy and record it in the table. i. Show three significant figures to the right of the decimal place for your calcula2ons. 5. Run #4 a. Keep the Block Mass at 5.0 kg, and the Water Mass at 2.5 kg. This 2me you will decrease the Ini2al Water Temperature to 10°C. b. Press Play c. Record the Temperature change and the change in Thermal Energy in Table 1. d. Calculate the Temperature change per unit of heat energy and record it in the table. i. Show three significant figures to the right of the decimal place for your calcula2ons. 2
Tuesday, July 4, 2023 Table 1: Part 1 Data Run Mass of Water (kg) Initial Water Temperature (°C) Final Water Temperature (°C) Temperature Change Δ T (°C) Total heat delivered to Water Δ Q. (J) Temperature changes per unit of heat energy (°C / J) 1 5.0 20.0 20.094 0.094 1960 4.80 * 10^-5 2 5.0 20.0 20.234 0.234 4900 4.78 * 10^-5 3 2.5 20.0 20.468 0.468 4900 9.55 * 10^-5 4 2.5 10.0 10.468 0.468 4900 9.55 * 10^-5 3
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Tuesday, July 4, 2023 Part 2: 6. Reset the simula2on. 7. Run A a. Run the simula2on and record the temperature change, and total heat delivered to the water, and calculate the specific heat. Record the values in Table 2. 8. Run B a. Decrease the mass of the water to 1.0 kg. b. Run the simula2on and record the temperature change, and total heat delivered to the water, and calculate the specific heat. Record the values in Table 2. 9. Run C a. Reset the Water Mass to 5.0 kg. b. Decrease the Ini2al Height to 50 m. c. Run the simula2on and record the temperature change, and total heat delivered to the water, and calculate the specific heat. Record the values in Table 2. 10. Run D a. Reset the Ini2al Height to 100 m. b. Increase the Temperature to 50 °C. c. Run the simula2on and record the temperature change, and total heat delivered to the water, and calculate the specific heat. Record the values in Table 2. 4
Tuesday, July 4, 2023 Table 2: Part 2 Data Run Mass of Water (kg) Temperature Change Δ T (°C) Total heat delivered to Water Δ Q. (J) Water Specific Heat (J / (kg * Δ °C)) A 5.0 0.140 2940 4200 B 1.0 0.702 2940 4188.03 C 5.0 0.070 1470 4200 D 5.0 0.140 2940 4200 5
Tuesday, July 4, 2023 Post Lab QuesDons: 1. Review the results from Run #1 vs. Run #2 – Explain what happened when you increased the mass of the black from 2.0 kg to 5.0 kg. Click or tap here to enter text. 2. Summarize the results when you decreased the Water Mass in Run #3. Explain why you got the results you did. Click or tap here to enter text. 3. Based on your data in Table 1, explain how the math rela2onship works by highligh2ng the role of each variable. Where: Δ Q = heat energy transferred to the water m = mass of the water Δ T = change in temperature c = constant characteristic of the liquid Click or tap here to enter text. 4. Calculate the average specific heat of water from the values in Table 2. Include units in all your answers. Click or tap here to enter text. 5. How closely did the specific heat of water values you got agree with each other in Table 2? Be specific and provide values or percentages from your results and explain why you see differences. Click or tap here to enter text. 6. How far off is your average value for the specific heat of water from the accepted value of 4,190 J / (kg * Δ °C) for water? Click or tap here to enter text. 7. What are the possible sources of experimental error that might explain any disagreement? Click or tap here to enter text. Δ Q = c * m * Δ T 6
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