Lab 1 - Crystallization
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Chemistry
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Feb 20, 2024
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Experiment 1 Crystallization Marina Gobbi Lab Partner
—
Tochi Chukwuemeka Teaching Assistant
—
Arezou Dilmaghanimarand Date Performed
—
January 30, February 7, 2024 Date Due
—
February 8, 2024
Gobbi 2
Experimental Objective This week, the melting point of an unknown compound was determined through crystallization. We dissolved an impure compound, filtered it, and crystallized the pure substance to find its melting point, and determine what compound it is.
Theoretical Yield As per the student data sheet and procedure, weights and amounts of substances were not considered, meaning theoretical yield is not being calculated for this week’s lab.
Procedure Given an unknown packet with carbon and an unknown compound, we had been set to isolate the unknown and find its melting point. This allowed us to determine the unknown compound's melting point, and therefore, its identity. Roughly 20 mL of water was boiled in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, where we submerged, and dissolved, a test tube with 0.250 grams of the unknown sample (packet #342). A glass funnel covered with an 11 cm filter paper was then used to filter the charcoal from the hot solution into a 20 mL beaker. It was made sure that all the unknown sample was filtered by pouring more hot water into the test tube and around the glass funnel. After cooling the solution on the benchtop for 2 minutes, the same beaker was then submerged in an ice bath and stirred for approximately 10 minutes. Crystals were formed by this point, which were aspirated using a clamped filter flask. After suction, the crystals left outside the flask were placed on a piece of filter paper which were then left to dry for a week. After the week, the dried crystals were placed in a capillary tube, and then a melting-point apparatus to determine the melting point of the unknown substance alone. Observations
Gobbi 3
The procedure was followed for the lab. Some purification was noticed during the first (gravity) filtering process, but full purification and isolation from the carbon was not. In a perfect experiment, crystals were to be a cloudy white color, but it was found to be grey-ish during this experiment. After melting, the same grey crystals were turned into a liquid of the same grey color. Characterization
When in the melting-point apparatus, the crystals melted between the temperatures of 150.4°C and 156.3°C. With a range of 5.9°C, our crystals were found to be impure.
Conclusion
As mentioned above, our crystals had a melting point range of 150.4°C-156.3°C, leading us to identify the unknown compound as adipic acid, as it has a similar melting point of 151°C to 153°C. It is noteworthy, however, to mention that with a melting point range of 5.9°C, our crystals were found to be impure (anything above a range of 2°C is impure (p. 73)). During the first filtering process, the filter paper burst, meaning some of the impurities (carbon) were allowed into the beaker that were going to form the crystals. Because of this, we cannot exactly determine our unknown, but instead have a relative guess. Question on Data Sheet
Group 1 had the better data, since their melting point range was less than 2°C. This meant their unknown was pure, and the group was better suited to determine what their compound was. Group 2 could improve their results by double checking if any filters burst while using any funnels. The gravity and suction isolations are both examples of when a filter is used and can fail separating the crystals from liquid or impurities. Additionally, the group should double check that the unknown was fully dissolved during the first step of the procedure. References
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Gobbi 4
Zubrick, James W. The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student’s Guide to Techniques
. 11th ed., Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2020, pp. 73
–
74.
Related Questions
Dissolution
Distilled H20
Concentration
0.01 M HCI
Concentration
(mg/ml)
Time
Total amount
A
Total amount
A
(mg/ml)
(mg)
(mg)
5
0.16
0.1
10
0.24
0.18
15
0.35
0.25
20
0.48
0.34
25
0.58
0.4
30
0.67
0.5
1. Plot the given data on an ordinary paper and find the slope for each line then calculate the
IDR constant for aspirin in the two dissolution media, water and HCI.
NOTE: Slope of the calibration curve = 1.0 (mg/ml and saturation solubility of salicylic acid
is equal to 2.0 gm/L.
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experiment
A pair of 100 mL samples of water are taken from a
well bored into a large underground salt (NaCl)
deposit. Sample #1 is from the top of the well, and is
initially at 32 °C. Sample #2 is from a depth of 50. m,
and is initially at 42 °C. Both samples are allowed to
come to room temperature (20. °C) and 1 atm
pressure. An NaCl precipitate is seen to form in
Sample #1.
Two 250 mL samples of water are drawn from a deep
well bored into a large underground salt (NaCl)
deposit. Sample #1 is from the top of the well, and is
initially at 42 °C. Sample #2 is from a depth of 150 m,
and is initially at 8 °C. Both samples are allowed to
come to room temperature (20 °C) and 1 atm
pressure. An NaCl precipitate is seen to form in
Sample #1.
predicted observation
(choose one)
A bigger mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample
#2.
A smaller mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample
#2.
The same mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample
#2.
No precipitate will form in Sample #2.
I…
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C. 92.3 m
d. 226 mL
4. Solution B was prepared from solution A as shown
below. The concentration of solution B is:
2. 2.00 M
b. 2.00 x 10-3
C. 8.00 M
d. 8.00 x 10-3
هایی
ناخذ الكيو ستة آلية
deez
2.00 ml
A
500.00 ml
M = 2.00 M
X
500.00 ml
M = ??
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Help
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Chemistry HW need help, how to do these caculation and answer these questions?
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Can I get detailed explanation for this table , mentioning the apparatus and when’s the timer is started ? What happens next
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At 0 oC, the solubility of sodium acetate in water is 36.1 g per 100 g of water and at 40 oC, the solubility is 66.4 g per 100 g of water. A 100 g sample of sodium acetate is dissolved in 250 g of water at 40 °C. The solution is cooled to 0 °C and a small amount of solid is observed. This solution is ________.
- supersaturated
- saturated
- unsaturated
- hydrated
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Materials Needed
solid I2
solid CUSO4-5H20
food dye
solid (NH4)2SO4
heavy metals waste container
halogenated waste container
non-halogenated waste container
semi-micro test tubes and rack
regular test tubes and rack
squash pipettes
acetone
cyclohexane
propan-2-ol
Method
Part A: Solubility of ionic and molecular solids
1.
Place a small amount (about the size of 1 grain of rice, see picture) of copper sulfate into each of three DRY
semi-micro test tubes. Add 20 drops of water to the first test tube and gently flick the test tube with your
finger to ensure mixing.
2.
Repeat step 1 using acetone in place of water as the solvent in the second test tube.
3.
Repeat step 2 replacing acetone with cyclohexane in the third test tube.
Hold the test tubes against a white background to compare the solubility of copper sulfate in the three solvents
and record your results. Discard these mixtures into the heavy metals waste container in the fume cupboard.
Once these test tubes have been emptied you…
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5. Suppose you have a mixture of water and your 2-chloro-2-methylbutane product in a separatory funnel. Use densities to predict which phase will be the top layer in the funnel.
a. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane (organic phase)
b. water (aqueous phase)
c. there would only be one phase since the substances are miscible
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Pre-lab question #8: Suppose you were dissolving a metal such as zinc with
hydrochloric acid. How would the particle size of the zinc affect the rate of its
dissolution? As the particle size of the zinc increases, the rate of dissolution
AA (decreases/increases).
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Molar concentration of the bleach stock solution: .134 mol/L
Solutions(Dilutions)
Concentration%
Experiment 1
0.25
Experiment 2
0.50
Experiment 3
1.0
Fill in the OCl- molar concentrations for each experiment.
Solutions(Dilutions)
OCl- Concentrationmol/L
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
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Predict what will be observed in each experiment below.
experiment
predicted observation
(choose one)
A bigger mass of NaCi precipitate will form in Sample 2
A pair of 100 ml. samples of water are taken from a well
bored into a large underground salt (NaCI) deposit.
Sample 1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at
32 C. Sample 2 is from a depth of 50. m, and is
initially at 42 °C. Both samples are allowed to come to
room temperature (20. "C) and I atm pressure. An NaCI
precipitate is seen to form in Sample #1.
A smaller mass of NaCl precipitate wi form in Sample 2.
The same mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample 2.
O No precipitate will form in Sample 2.
I need more information to predict whether and how much
precipitate will form in Sample #2.
OA bigger mass of NaCl precipitate wil form in Sample 2
Two 250 ml samples of water are drawn from a deep
well bored into a large underground salt (NaCI) deposit.
Sample 1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at
42 °C.…
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Rearrange equation 1 to solve for the molecular weight of a compound assuming you know the mass of solute added
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A student wants to determine how different factors affect the rate of dissolving a
solid in water.
Trial
Size of Particles
Rate of Dissolving
1
small
10 sec
medium
20 sec
3
large
30 sec
What procedures can be performed on trials 2 and 3 so that the rate of dissolving is
the same as trail 1?
The student can decrease the temperature
The student can decrease the pressure
The student can increase the pressure
The student can increase the temperature
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Data Sheet
4
ble gives the recommended mass of salt to dissolve in each of the four test tubes. Show a
sample calculation for the solubility of KNO, using your actual mass from tube #1. Complete
your graph on the back of this sheet.
Solution #
Recommended
mass KNO3
Actual mass of KNO,
(g per 5 mL H₂O)
Solubility
& KNO,
100 g H₂O
Saturation
temperature
(°C)
(g)
1
2.0
51.3
2.1971
2
62.5
4.0
11.1568
3
72.7
6.0
6.0112
83.6
4
8.0
806
Sample Solubility Calculation:
Questions
1. According to your data, how does the solubility of KNO, change with increasing
temperature? Does this indicate an endothermic or exothermic dissolving process? Explain.
2. Using your graph, indicate if each of these solutions would be saturated or unsaturated:
a) 110 g of KNO3 in 100 g of water at 40 °C
b) 60 g of KNO3 in 100 g of water at 70 °C
c) 140 g of KNO3 in 100 g of water at 60 °C
3. According to your graph, what mass of KNO3 will dissolve in 100 g of water at 30 °C?
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I have the density of solution that is 1.092g/ml in an unknown solution, how can I get the sucrose solution % to put on my graph?
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1. Solubility Test
Table 1. Results for the solubility test.
OBSERVATION*
INFERENCE
SAMPLE
Ethyl acetate
**
Нехаne
Methanol
Water
Coconut oil
Vitamin E
Beef fat
Miscible (soluble) or immiscible (insoluble)
** polar or nonpolar
Sudan IV Test
Table 2. Results for Sudan IV test.
OBSERVATION*
INFERENCE
SAMPLE
Нехаne
Ethyl acetate
Methanol
Water
**
Coconut oil
Vitamin E
Beef fat
Homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture
** polar or nonpolar
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At 0 oC, the solubility of sodium acetate in water is 36.1 g per 100 g of water and at 40 oC, the solubility is 66.4 g per 100 g of water. A 100 g sample of sodium acetate is dissolved in 250 g of water at 40 °C. The solution is cooled to 0 °C and a small amount of solid is observed. This solution is ________.
- hydrated
-saturated
-supersaturated
- unsaturated
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Predict what will be observed in each experiment below.
predicted observation
(choose one)
experiment
A bigger mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2.
Two 250 mL samples of water are drawn from a deep
well bored into a large underground salt (NaCl) deposit.
Sample #1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at
42 °C. Sample #2 is from a depth of 150 m, and is
A smaller mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2.
The same mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2.
initially at 8 °C. Both samples are allowed to come to
No precipitate will form in Sample #2.
room temperature (20 °C) and 1 atm pressure. An NaCl
precipitate is seen to form in Sample #1.
I need more information to predict whether and how much
precipitate will form in Sample #2.
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Table 5, Dissolved oxygen of distilled water at different temperatures
Temperature
(C)
Volume of aliquot
(ml.)
5.00
Volume of sodium
thiosulfate used (mL)
Dissolved oxygen
(ppm)
10.3
4
13.60
25
5.00
12.20
8.23
73
5.00
5.40
4.03
1. From your data, calculate the dissolved oxygen content in distilled water at 73 °C (data in Table 5)
without using the DO formula. Detailed calculation and formulas are required in this answer.
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I need help calculating the initial concentrations please.
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Can someone check to see if #9 through #12 are correct with the information provided
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2. Show solution. Thanks!
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1. Answer the following questions based on the table:
Pickling Vinegar
Conc NaOH (M)
0.1005
Trial #1
Trial #2
Trail #3
Trial #4
Volume Vinegar (mL)
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Initial Volume NaOH (mL)
0.32mL
0.22
1.02
0.44
Final Volume (mL)
24.25mL
24.20
25.00
24.45
Volume NaOH added (mL)
23.93mL
23.98mL
23.98mL
24.01mL
a) Calculate the Average Volume NaOH used...show the trials that have %difference
within 1% of each other. If you need to discard any trials- make sure to note this.
b) Mass percentage of acetic acid in vinegar using your average volume of NaOH from
Q1: (include a balanced reaction equation and show all work)
c) % error calculation. Show ybur work in full. See Appendix B for details. (Reminder:
Regular vinegar is 5.25% listed on bottle, pickling vinegar is 7.34% listed on bottle)
d) In the titration of vinegar, a student uses 12.36 mL of NaOH(aq) (Molarity 0.100 M) to
titrate a 2.00 mL sample of vinegar. If the student used lithium hydroxide (Molarity:
0.200 M) instead, what…
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2.
Questions:
1.
CHM-202 Lab 2 Freezing Point Depression Rev2 G6-2022
10/14
From your understanding of colligative properties, how would you design an experiment to
measure the freezing point of a material which freezes at -2 °C using the same apparatus used in
this laboratory and any chemical reagents commonly found in a chemical laboratory. Ice is the
only material you have available to cool the solutions.
If you measured the boiling point of the solution used in Trial 4, would you predict it would have
a boiling point equal to, higher than, or lower than the boiling point of pure cyclohexane?
Explain your answer.
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Part C: Determination of the alcohol content of unknown liquor Stretien
Volume (mL)
Sample
ТИШТИНА
0.00% alcohol
10.0% alcohol
20.0% alcohol
40.0% alcohol
50.0% alcohol
Unknown
Mass (g)
1o podina ko
9.8919
9.7899
9.600
9
9.420 д
% Alcohol content of the liquor
9.2155
9.5089
2VLELA CVOLION: MEAEK EVI OK DRA
IVBOKY LOBAN
ocen
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
Density (g/mL)
0.00% alcohol calculation:
ися
→
о
0.99 во
0.99
To Z si doleW 120.00
supinubst sdi
na
LANG
411
bet [squardas:
0.97
0.94 in oil to notisalarisi
0.92
0.95
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A sample (50 mL) of a bottled water was added to a 100 mL volumetric flask and then diluted to the mark. From this stock solution, 50 mL was taken, added to a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark. Final concentration of the serial dilution: 587.7161ppm.
1. what is the concentration in the original bottle (ppm)
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- Dissolution Distilled H20 Concentration 0.01 M HCI Concentration (mg/ml) Time Total amount A Total amount A (mg/ml) (mg) (mg) 5 0.16 0.1 10 0.24 0.18 15 0.35 0.25 20 0.48 0.34 25 0.58 0.4 30 0.67 0.5 1. Plot the given data on an ordinary paper and find the slope for each line then calculate the IDR constant for aspirin in the two dissolution media, water and HCI. NOTE: Slope of the calibration curve = 1.0 (mg/ml and saturation solubility of salicylic acid is equal to 2.0 gm/L.arrow_forwardexperiment A pair of 100 mL samples of water are taken from a well bored into a large underground salt (NaCl) deposit. Sample #1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at 32 °C. Sample #2 is from a depth of 50. m, and is initially at 42 °C. Both samples are allowed to come to room temperature (20. °C) and 1 atm pressure. An NaCl precipitate is seen to form in Sample #1. Two 250 mL samples of water are drawn from a deep well bored into a large underground salt (NaCl) deposit. Sample #1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at 42 °C. Sample #2 is from a depth of 150 m, and is initially at 8 °C. Both samples are allowed to come to room temperature (20 °C) and 1 atm pressure. An NaCl precipitate is seen to form in Sample #1. predicted observation (choose one) A bigger mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2. A smaller mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2. The same mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample #2. No precipitate will form in Sample #2. I…arrow_forwardC. 92.3 m d. 226 mL 4. Solution B was prepared from solution A as shown below. The concentration of solution B is: 2. 2.00 M b. 2.00 x 10-3 C. 8.00 M d. 8.00 x 10-3 هایی ناخذ الكيو ستة آلية deez 2.00 ml A 500.00 ml M = 2.00 M X 500.00 ml M = ??arrow_forward
- At 0 oC, the solubility of sodium acetate in water is 36.1 g per 100 g of water and at 40 oC, the solubility is 66.4 g per 100 g of water. A 100 g sample of sodium acetate is dissolved in 250 g of water at 40 °C. The solution is cooled to 0 °C and a small amount of solid is observed. This solution is ________. - supersaturated - saturated - unsaturated - hydratedarrow_forwardMaterials Needed solid I2 solid CUSO4-5H20 food dye solid (NH4)2SO4 heavy metals waste container halogenated waste container non-halogenated waste container semi-micro test tubes and rack regular test tubes and rack squash pipettes acetone cyclohexane propan-2-ol Method Part A: Solubility of ionic and molecular solids 1. Place a small amount (about the size of 1 grain of rice, see picture) of copper sulfate into each of three DRY semi-micro test tubes. Add 20 drops of water to the first test tube and gently flick the test tube with your finger to ensure mixing. 2. Repeat step 1 using acetone in place of water as the solvent in the second test tube. 3. Repeat step 2 replacing acetone with cyclohexane in the third test tube. Hold the test tubes against a white background to compare the solubility of copper sulfate in the three solvents and record your results. Discard these mixtures into the heavy metals waste container in the fume cupboard. Once these test tubes have been emptied you…arrow_forward5. Suppose you have a mixture of water and your 2-chloro-2-methylbutane product in a separatory funnel. Use densities to predict which phase will be the top layer in the funnel. a. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane (organic phase) b. water (aqueous phase) c. there would only be one phase since the substances are misciblearrow_forward
- Pre-lab question #8: Suppose you were dissolving a metal such as zinc with hydrochloric acid. How would the particle size of the zinc affect the rate of its dissolution? As the particle size of the zinc increases, the rate of dissolution AA (decreases/increases).arrow_forwardMolar concentration of the bleach stock solution: .134 mol/L Solutions(Dilutions) Concentration% Experiment 1 0.25 Experiment 2 0.50 Experiment 3 1.0 Fill in the OCl- molar concentrations for each experiment. Solutions(Dilutions) OCl- Concentrationmol/L Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3arrow_forwardPredict what will be observed in each experiment below. experiment predicted observation (choose one) A bigger mass of NaCi precipitate will form in Sample 2 A pair of 100 ml. samples of water are taken from a well bored into a large underground salt (NaCI) deposit. Sample 1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at 32 C. Sample 2 is from a depth of 50. m, and is initially at 42 °C. Both samples are allowed to come to room temperature (20. "C) and I atm pressure. An NaCI precipitate is seen to form in Sample #1. A smaller mass of NaCl precipitate wi form in Sample 2. The same mass of NaCl precipitate will form in Sample 2. O No precipitate will form in Sample 2. I need more information to predict whether and how much precipitate will form in Sample #2. OA bigger mass of NaCl precipitate wil form in Sample 2 Two 250 ml samples of water are drawn from a deep well bored into a large underground salt (NaCI) deposit. Sample 1 is from the top of the well, and is initially at 42 °C.…arrow_forward
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