Rodriguez B 5

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Enicel Rodriguez Study Questions AMH-2020 Lecture 5 – Becoming A World Power 1. What challenges did the US face in the post-Civil War years? o People like William Randolph Hearst who purchased the New York Journal, began a circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer and his New York World. People would rely on sensational and fabricated stories to drive up readership. The news became more about selling papers than the actual stories. Along with the U.S buying and losing territory. 2. How did the U.S. gain world respect after the Civil War? o Secretary of State Seward demanded the French leave and sent 50,000 troops to the border. Napoleon the Third agreed to pull his army out of Mexico. Maximillian believed the Mexicans and stayed behind. He was captured and executed. 3. What were U.S. interests in the Pacific? o The US began sending missionaries to China in the 1830s. During Europe’s rush to control China in the 1840s, the U.S. opted to conclude a treaty with the Chinese which granted the most favored nation status and laid the basis for the Open Door Policy. 4. What was the impact of Alfred Thayer Mahan? o 1890 - Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.” He argued that maritime power had been a determining factor in European struggles. Mahan identified three elements central to greatness: Production of goods for foreign trade shipping to carry commerce to foreign lands colonies to provide both markets and products to protect this, a large modern Navy centered on battleships was needed. 5. What was the “New American Mission?” o Josiah Strong, a Protestant minister and missionary, argued that the expansion of Protestant ideals was a Christian duty. This was a widespread belief in the late 19th century and came to be known as “The White Man’s Burden.” White Americans assumed the role of civilizing barbaric undeveloped peoples in the Anglo-Saxon mold. This thought process dominated U.S. relations with the Hawaiians. 6. How did the U.S. become involved with Hawaii? o Americans sent missionaries to Hawaii in 1819. Hawaii’s location in the center of the Pacific made it attractive. These early missionaries and planters maneuvered to gain control over the Islands. Many Americans became involved in Hawaiian sugar plantations. In 1875, the Senate exempted Hawaiian sugar imports from tariffs. which led to the expansion of the Hawaiian sugar industry. 7. What event drove relations between Chile and the U.S. in 1891? o Chile overthrew its government in 1891. The new government was anti-American. In Oct 1891, the USS Baltimore, a U.S. Navy ship, conducted a port visit in Valparaiso, Chile. Sailors went ashore for liberty. A small group of sailors visited a bar and one of the sailors spit on a picture of a Chilean national hero. A crowd of locals set upon the Sailors, injuring several and killing two. The U.S. demanded an apology which the Chilean government rejected. President Harrison sent a strongly worded message to Congress threatening an invasion of Chile. Chile apologized and paid $75,000 in gold in retribution. 8. Discuss the impact of events in Venezuela involving the U.S. o In 1895, The U.S. decided to insert itself in the Venezuela issue. President Cleveland asked Congress to support sending the Navy to Venezuela. Congress unanimously agreed. This policy

created tensions between the US and the UK with people on both sides of the ocean advocating for war. 9. What drove the U.S. to invade Cuba in the 1890s? o McKinley became president amid increasing demands for action in Cuba. McKinley was the last president who had served in the Civil War. On 9 Feb 98, a letter from Spanish Minister De Lomé in the United States to his government was intercepted by Cuban revolutionaries and given to Hearst who promptly published it in his paper. The headline read "Worst insult to the United States in its History. The letter ridiculed McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd." It also called the President "a would-be politician.” 10. How did the Spanish-American War affect U.S. relations with the Philippine Islands? o On 1 May 1898, the first battle of the war came in the Philippine Islands. Dewey easily subdued the Spanish fleet sitting at anchor in Manila Bay. The US used the pretext of the victory at Manila to annex Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to be used as a Naval base. Orders to Dewey and news of his victory crossed the ocean on sub-surface cable systems. By 1900, there were 220K miles of cable around the world. 11. What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish American War? o The United States took Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam from Spain. Spain then sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20M. 12. How did the U.S. react to European division of China? o In the mid-1800s, Europeans claimed spheres of influence in China. Europeans collected import duties instead of the Chinese. Since the U.S. had come to China late, it declared an “Open Door” policy and insisted that the US would trade with everybody. 13. How did China react to European/American intervention in China? o In 1900, a secret society of Chinese, calling themselves the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, called Boxers by foreigners, attacked the section of Peking where the foreign legations were. John Hay, now SecState, saw the European intervention as a pretext to take full control of China and sent in American forces. The Chinese government was forced to pay an indemnity to all the European nations that fought the Boxers and protected the legations. The U.S. used its money to pay American claims, then returned the rest to the Chinese. 14. Why was the U.S. interested in Panama? o The U.S. Congress was in favor of building a canal across Nicaragua. The recent volcanic eruption in Martinique inspired Bunau-Varilla to lobby the U.S. Congress by convincing its members that at least one of the 19 dormant volcanos in Nicaragua could erupt and disrupt canal construction efforts. He was successful and congress decided to shift construction to Panama. Bunau-Varilla became Panama’s ambassador to the U.S., and he negotiated a treaty with the U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay. 15. What was the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty? o The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1904) granted the US perpetual control over a strip of territory ten miles wide and paid Panama $10M plus an annual rent of $250,000. 16. What were Theodore Roosevelt’s important diplomatic efforts?

o TR was determined to establish American dominance in the western hemisphere and proclaimed the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. His policy warned European nations against any intervention in the Western Hemisphere. TR sent troops to the Dominican Republic in 1905 to oversee customs houses and duties collections. TR received the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the Russo-Japanese War conclusion. Taft and Wilson continued TR’s policies in Central America. 17. What was the importance of the Great White Fleet? o In 1907, before leaving office, Roosevelt had 16 battleships painted white to denote their peaceful intent and sent them around the world as a goodwill demonstration of America’s “Big Stick. “The U.S. Congress balked at paying for the Great White Fleet’s goodwill journey. Roosevelt got around Congress by sending the fleet halfway with the funding he had. He then challenged Congress to bring them back. Congress caved. 18. What was the U.S.’s legacy at the turn of the century? o Before 1890, the US had no clear consistent foreign policy. By the end of the century, US commitments became obvious to all. The US Navy was central to the concept of the US as a world power. Protecting the Panama Canal left the US with hegemony in the Caribbean and Central America 19. What events in Europe influenced the U.S. at the end of the 19 th Century? o As the 19th century began, the U.S. was considered an unimportant young nation, not to be taken seriously. As the century progressed the U.S. increasingly found itself having to respond to European influences and events.

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