BIO101A MidTerm

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Midterm Lab Report Investigating Cellular Respiration Sherri Lahr BIO100A Survey of Bioscience Lab Professor Dr. Darji December 4, 2023
Introduction For this lab experiment, I was tasked with investigating cellular respiration, using simple items found within most households. Before jumping into the lab it is important that there is an understanding of what cellular respiration is. “Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy” (Tarantino, 2023). The body uses the ATP that is produced and necessary for many different things that are needed to sustain life. The ATP is there to provide energy in ion transport, muscle contractions, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis (Dunn & Grider, 2023). Dunn and Grider go on to explain that most of the processes within the human body take a lot of energy and relies on 100 to 150 moles of ATP per day (2023). Essentially, cellular respiration is an extremely important factor in the cycle of life. With cellular respiration there are two possible ways that it can occur. According to Khan Academy, “cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen)” (Cellular Respiration, n.d.). With cellular respiration, the ATP is formed with glucose interacts with oxygen, and it also creates carbon dioxide along with water as byproducts (Cellular Respiration, n.d.). When I heard this the first thing I thought of was breathing, since we take in oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide. According to Khan Academy, even though these two processes are related they are not the same as breathing is a physiological process (n.d.). In this lab, the items needed included active dry instant or rapid rise yeast, 6 small bottles, kitchen thermometer, balloons, marker, sugar, string, ruler, measuring cup and spoons, kitchen pot, and string. I was lucky enough to have most of the items within my house, I had to go to the local store to purchase yeast and balloons. I purchased a small container of Red Star
Yeast and the 6 balloons required for around $8.00. Now it was time to set up the experiment and see what I was able to conclude. Methods Once I was home with all the necessary supplies, I pulled my kids into the kitchen to have them work with me on this assignment because I thought it would be a good learning experience. I labeled my bottles with a marker, 1 through 6, and set them on the counter next to my stove. I started adding the necessary materials to the bottles and set up the balloons next to them to make sure that I did not miss anything. Following the lab data sheet, I put 1 teaspoon of sugar in bottles 1 through 3, 1/3 of a teaspoon in bottle 4, no sugar in bottle 5, and my own variable choice of 2 teaspoons in bottle 6. I grabbed the active yeast and measured out 2 teaspoons of yeast 6 separate times and added them to the bottles. Next, I used the measuring cup and measured out 1/4 of a cup 6 times to add them to the bottles. This was where my kiddos got the become involved, we put caps on the bottles and I showed them how to gently rotate the bottles to make sure the yeast, sugar, and water mixed together to make them as even as possible. After we completed this, we put the balloons on the bottles after removing the caps. I made sure that each balloon was on tightly along with the being as close as possible to the same area on each bottle. I used the marker to indicate where on the bottle the mixed solution was before moving to the next step. This allowed me to obtain the before measurements. I grabbed my pot and added about 2 or 3 inches of water in it, in this case, only the first bottle was required to remain at room temperature which was around 72 degrees Fahrenheit, so I tput in bottles 2 through 6 within the pan. To ensure that the bottles did not float or move, I used string and secured the bottles within the pot. Again, ensuring that the string would not cause any dangers or fire hazards. I determined that the temperature of the water would be a rolling boil and used my
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thermometer to get the water to approximately 110 degrees Fahrenheit. This is when I set the timer on my phone for 20 minutes and started to clean up the minor mess I made within my kitchen. I checked the water temperature every 5 minutes during the 20 minutes to ensure that the temperature never went above 120 or below 110. After ensuring that the temperature did not vary much from the 110 I intended, and the 20 minutes was up, I removed the pot from the stove and carefully removed the bottle from the pot. This is when I took my final measurements and filled in the lab report Excel table. I made sure that I was quick in taking the measurements of the balloons height with the bottles taken out of the water. Results
When looking at my measurements and the balloons I could see some significant changes depending on the variables select with use of yeast, sugar, or water temperature. What surprised me the most was the bottle with the most yeast growth. In my case, it was bottle 1! The yeast seemed to cause the foam to reached the halfway point of the bottle, or right around 12 cm when measured. The other bottles, 2 through 6 which were in the water kept around 110 Fahrenheit, showed little to no growth. This leads me to believe that the ideal conditions for yeast growth is room temperature or around 72 degrees Fahrenheit. The environment of the heated water does not allow growth possibly due to the environment just being too hot or unstable. This is quite the opposite of what I always believed, that yeast growth occurs in warm and damp environments as this is their ideal conditions. What I found to be the most difficult in the experiment was getting the actual measurements of the balloons. Also using the plastic bottles in the water caused them to deform slightly, making them hard to stand up. This is where my walls in my kitchen seemed to help play a role in the bottles sitting up correctly. I wish that I could have just written my results based off the visuals with the bottles and balloons, but the experiment requires measurements, so I used my ruler and my tape measurer I use to measure fabric, and did the best that I was able to. Bottle 1 showed the most growth and the circumference of the balloon measured approximately 23 cm and was the balloon with the most visually seen differences. Bottle 2 measured around 18 cm and seemed to be the next biggest balloon. When looking at bottles 3-6, there was not much to them a couple of the actually looking like they completely deflated, which made them extremely hard to measure. However, I have a graph that shows the results of the experiment.
Discussion & Conclusion After completion of the experiment, I was able to watch how different factors such as temperature and sugar affect yeast. I have already discussed how the results were not what I expected, and how my thoughts on what effects yeast growth were not correct per the experiment. This experiment shows how important an organism’s environment is and how it produces along with the importance of cellular respiration. This is before we look at any outside variables that we do not necessarily have control over. Some errors that need to be considered in lab experiments and also in the case of what we did here. The first one that comes to mind is measurement errors, which I already touched on within the results discussion. With the bottles forming as they were, along with the balloons being used and hard to measure, my measurements may not be the same as someone else within the class or even if I were to do this experiment again. The timing of the measuring also would play a vital role in the overall outcome of the experiment. There is also the issue with the thermometer that was used, and the placement in the water when measuring the temperature of the water. Pans are known to have hot spots, as I have seem when making pancakes or grilled cheese for my kids. When putting the thermometer in the water to check the temperature, I did
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attempt to keep it in the same spot each time, but even being off by a millimeter could cause an issue. A final and most likely the most important error that I can think of is using one brand of yeast over another, or the expiration date passing. Luckily in my case, I went out to the store and purchased it fresh, however in some cases an expired can of yeast may have still been on the shelf due to an error on the store staff. In the event that this was a random error, the results of the experiment could have been completely off and I may have not seen any growth at all.
References Cellular Respiration Review (article) (no date) Khan Academy . https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs- cellular-respiration/a/hs-cellular-respiration-review. Dunn, J., & Grider, M. H. (2023). Physiology, adenosine triphosphate . National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553175/ Tarantino, C. (2023). Cellular respiration: What is it, its purpose, and more . Osmosis. https://www.osmosis.org/answers/cellular-respiration

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