Hormonal Birth Control

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Hormonal Birth Control 1 Madison McCullough Liberty University MSCI 520 Dr. Jonathan Moreno December 15, 2023

Hormonal Birth Control 2 Introduction There are many forms of hormonal birth control methods that are being used globally. Hormonal birth control methods include oral contraceptives (Pills, mini pills), intrauterine devices (IUD), injections, vaginal rings, dermal implants, and patches. Compromised by a combination of either estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone.¹ Contraceptive methods prepared by a combination of estrogen and progesterone act by reducing fertility due to changes in cervical mucus characteristics, changes in ovulation and interfering with implantation. Those also prepared with a higher dosage of estrogen and progesterone inhibit ovulation and may also interfere with egg implantation. Progesterone alone contraception methods are based principally on its effects on tubal motility and cervical mucus.² Estrogen and Progesterone Combination For the combined estrogen and progesterone hormonal contraceptives, they work by inhibiting ovulation, changing the cervical mucus to restrict penetration of the sperm, and by making the endometrial lining unfavorable for implantation.³ The physiologic actions of the combination contraceptives is based on the negative feedback effects of estrogen and progesterone on the hypothalamus and on the anterior pituitary. These types of contraceptives are inhibiting GnRH secretion and inhibiting FSH and LH secretion.² Progesterone only contraception For progestogen, the mechanism of action is via negative feedback at the hypothalamus. This works to decrease pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Moreover, progesterone only contraception also thickens cervical mucus, which helps to block sperm from gaining entrance into the uterus. If fertilization does occur, progesterone may also prevent eggs from properly implanting into the uterus. For instance, hormonal methods, such as the short-

Hormonal Birth Control 3 acting pill, mini-pill, patch, shot, and vaginal ring, thickens cervical mucus and prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs or prevent sperm from getting to the egg. In this case, if fertilization does occur, an IUD in place works to prevent the fertilized egg from attaching to the wall of the uterus, disrupting implantation. Other Clinical uses for Birth Control There are several other ways that hormonal birth control can be used besides just preventing pregnancy. These include to regulate cycles that occur more regularly and are lighter with fewer cramps, reduced acne, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), non cancerous ovarian cysts, iron-deficiency anemia, and a lower risk of specific cancers; ovarian, uterine (endometrial), and colon. Hormonal birth control aids management and/ treatment of various health complications such Endometriosis, Ovarian cysts, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Uterine fibroids. ⁴ Biblical View of Human Reproduction “Be fruitful and multiply- Genesis 1:28”. From the perspective of the Bible, God to humanity in Genesis states that a man’s ability to produce many offspring is his reward for living a just life. For a woman, the Bible focuses on her ability to reproduce and that is her ‘fruitfulness’. Children were seen as assets that would contribute to the world in labor and ⁵ survival. The bible also teaches readers that children are evidence of God’s blessing for a man and woman and one of the purposes of marriage. ⁶

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Hormonal Birth Control 4 References 1. Costanzo LS. Costanzo Physiology. Elsevier - Health Science; 2021 2. Cooper DB, Mahdy H, Patel P. Oral Contraceptive Pills. PubMed. Published 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430882 3. Balakumar V. Physiological Basis of Female Contraception. Cambridge University Press. Published 2022. Accessed December 15, 2023. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/handbook-of-contraception-and-sexual- reproductive-healthcare/physiological-basis-of-female- contraception/DCEA46D77DF72F8DDBDD7D444D56FDB9 4. Contraception: Hormonal contraceptives. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Published June 29, 2017. Accessed December 15, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441576 5. Vivian E. Human Reproduction and Infertility in the Hebrew Bible. Currents in Biblical Research . 2022;21(1):267-292. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476993x221104182 6. Science in Christian Perspective. www.asa3.org. https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1970/JASA6-70Christian.html

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