D313 Section 4 - Urinary Structure and Function

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Western Governors University *

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D313

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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D313: Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab, Lab Questions Section 4 – Urinary Structure and Function These are the questions for the labs from the course material. Please answer the questions, but also for each answer choice, explain why the choice is correct or incorrect. For example, if the answer is B, please explain why B is correct and why choices A, C, and D, etc., are incorrect, for each question. Also, for the images, label all parts of the image, if they are unlabeled. For the matching questions, explain all choices, even if they were not used to answer one of the questions. This will give you extra practice with the material, which will help with synthesis and retention. 1. Which structure of the kidney is an extension of the cortex that projects in between the pyramids of the medulla and helps anchor the cortex? a. Renal cortex Renal cortex refers to the outer layer of the kidney that contains the nephrons responsible for filtration and urine production. b. Renal medulla Renal medulla refers to the inner region of the kidney that consists of renal pyramids, renal tubules, and collecting ducts. c. Renal column The renal column is an extension of the renal cortex that projects into the renal medulla and helps anchor and support the cortex. It appears as a series of triangular-shaped divisions between the renal pyramids. These columns of cortical tissue provide structural integrity to the kidney and help separate and define the renal pyramids. d. Renal hilum Renal hilum is a concave area on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis enter or exit the kidney. It is not directly related to the extension of the cortex. 2. The capillaries leave each nephron as a single efferent arteriole and carry blood out of the _______. a. renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together. It is the initial part of the nephron where blood filtration occurs. b. loop of Henle The loop of Henle is a part of the nephron located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. It plays a role in reabsorption and concentration of urine.

c. Bowman’s capsule Bowman's capsule is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle. It collects the filtered fluid from the glomerulus and begins the formation of urine. d. Glomerulus The capillaries leave each nephron as a single efferent arteriole and carry blood out of the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within the renal corpuscle, specifically within the Bowman's capsule. It is the site of blood filtration in the kidney. 3. Which blood vessel brings blood from the cortex to the glomerulus of a nephron? a. Efferent arteriole The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus, not towards it. It carries the filtered blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries. b. Afferent arteriole The afferent arteriole brings blood from the cortex to the glomerulus of a nephron. It is the vessel that supplies blood to the glomerulus, which is responsible for filtration in the kidney. c. Interlobular artery The interlobular artery is a branch of the renal artery that runs through the renal cortex, but it does not directly bring blood to the glomerulus. d. Peritubular capillaries The peritubular capillaries are a network of capillaries that surround the renal tubules and are involved in reabsorption and secretion within the kidney. They receive blood from the efferent arterioles, not from the cortex. 4. Which urological structure shows a significant structural difference in males and females? a. Kidney The kidneys are responsible for the filtration and regulation of urine but do not show significant structural differences between males and females. b. Bladder The bladder is a storage organ for urine and does not show significant structural differences between males and females. c. Ureter The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder and do not show significant structural differences between males and females.

d. Urethra The urethra is the urological structure that shows a significant structural difference between males and females. In males, the urethra is longer and has two main divisions: the prostatic urethra, which passes through the prostate gland, and the membranous and spongy urethra, which traverse the penis. In females, the urethra is shorter and opens directly to the external genitalia. 5. Which principal task is performed by the nephron? a. Producing red blood cells The production of red blood cells is primarily carried out in the bone marrow, not in the nephron. b. Adding hormones The addition of hormones is not a principal task of the nephron. While hormones do play a role in kidney function, their production and release are not the primary function of the nephron. c. Maintaining calcium levels While the kidneys do play a role in maintaining calcium levels in the body, it is not the principal task of the nephron. The regulation of calcium levels involves multiple organs and systems, including the parathyroid glands and bones, in addition to the kidneys. The nephron is involved in the reabsorption of calcium, but it is not its primary function. d. Removal of waste from blood The principal task performed by the nephron is the removal of waste from the blood through the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. As blood flows through the nephron, waste products such as urea, creatinine, and excess ions are filtered out of the blood and collected as urine. This helps maintain the body's homeostasis by removing waste and regulating the balance of water and solutes in the body. 6. Where are nephrons located in the kidney? Select two answers . a. Glomerulus The glomerulus is one of the key structures of the nephron and is where blood is filtered in the kidney. The glomerulus is a small ball-shaped structure located in the nephron and is where blood filtration occurs.

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b. Medulla The medulla is the inner region of the kidney, but nephrons are not located in the medulla. The loops of Henle from each nephron do extend into the medulla, but the main body of the nephron is located in the cortex. c. Pelvis The renal pelvis is the inner space of the kidney where urine collects before draining into the ureter. Nephrons are not located in the pelvis. d. Cortex The cortex is the outer region of the kidney and this is where the nephrons are primarily located. Each nephron has a glomerulus and tubule system that originates and lies mainly in the cortical region. 7. The renal corpuscle contains a compact network of capillaries, called the _____. a. Macula densa The macula densa is a group of cells located in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. It is not part of the renal corpuscle. b. Juxtaglomerular cells Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized cells located near the glomerulus that secrete renin. They are not part of the renal corpuscle. c. Hepatic cells Hepatic cells are liver cells. They are not found in the kidney or renal corpuscle. d. Glomerulus The glomerulus is a ball-shaped tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the renal corpuscle. It contains compact networks of capillaries that filter the blood. 8. Which part of the nephron takes urine to the ureter? a. Proximal convoluted tubule The proximal convoluted tubule is the first section of the nephron tubule that processes filtrate coming from the glomerulus. It does not connect to the ureter. b. Collecting duct The collecting duct collects processed filtrate from multiple nephrons and empties it into the renal pelvis and ureter to leave the kidney. c. Loop of Henle The loop of Henle is the U-shaped part of the nephron tubule that goes into the medulla of the kidney. It does not directly connect to the ureter.

d. Distal convoluted tubule The distal convoluted tubule is towards the end of the nephron but still does not directly connect to the ureter. 9. Which part of the nephron is responsible for the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine? a) Bowman's capsule Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and is the site of blood filtration. It does not recover water or sodium chloride. b) Efferent arteriole The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus. It does not play a role in recovering water or sodium. c) Loop of Henle The loop of Henle, especially the ascending limb, is responsible for the recovery of water and sodium chloride. Through countercurrent multiplication, the loop of Henle concentrates the interstitial fluid. d) Glomerulus The glomerulus filters the blood but does not recover water or sodium. 10. The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________. a) Loop of Henle The loop of Henle is the primary structure found in the medulla of the kidney. The descending and ascending limbs dip into the medulla. b) Minor calyces The minor calyces are cup-shaped tubes in the cortex that deliver urine to the major calyces. They are not found in the medulla. c) Portal system There is no portal system in the kidney. This usually refers to veins interconnecting capillary beds in organs like the liver. d) Ureter The ureters transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. They do not extend into the medulla. 11. The functional unit of the kidney is called the ________. a. renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle is part of the nephron, but not the entire functional unit. It consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

b. renal hilus The renal hilus is the concave part of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter/exit. It is not the functional unit. c. Bowman’s capsule Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle. It is only part of the nephron. d. Nephron The nephron is the entire functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine. It contains the renal corpuscle, tubules and collecting duct. 12. The right kidney is slightly lower because ________. a. it needs protection of the lower rib The position of the kidneys is not determined by the need for rib protection. b. it is displaced by the heart The right kidney is slightly lower in position because it is displaced downwards by the liver. c. it is slightly smaller The right and left kidneys are usually about the same size. Size difference is not the reason for position difference. d. it is displaced by the liver It is the left kidney that is displaced downwards by the liver, not the right kidney. 13. Where does a large proportion of absorption and secretion occur in the nephron? a. Proximal convoluted tubule The proximal convoluted tubule actively reabsorbs about 65-70% of filtrate, including water, glucose, salts, amino acids, and other solutes. It also secretes waste products into the filtrate. b. Ascending loop of Henle The ascending loop passively absorbs some water and ions, but most reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule. c. Distal convoluted tubule Further reabsorption occurs here, but not as much as the proximal tubule. d. Collecting ducts Collecting ducts gather filtrate but do not play a major role in reabsorption/secretion. e. Descending loop of Henle The descending loop is not a major site of transport. 14. Which structure are the arrows pointing to?

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a. Renal papillae The renal papillae are the innermost tip portions of the renal pyramids. They are located in the medulla and are where urine exits the collecting ducts to enter the minor calyces. b. Major calyces The major calyces are cup-shaped chambers in the kidney that collect urine from the minor calyces. There are 2-3 major calyces in each kidney located in the renal sinus. c. Renal pyramid The renal pyramids are cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney. There are multiple pyramids in each kidney composed of loops of Henle and collecting ducts that drain urine into the minor calyces. d. Minor calyces The minor calyces are small cup-shaped tubes that surround the papillae and collect urine from the ducts. There are several minor calyces per kidney that empty urine into the major calyces. They are located in the cortex. 15. Which structure are the arrows pointing to?

a. Renal pyramid The renal pyramids are cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney. There are multiple pyramids in each kidney composed of loops of Henle and collecting ducts that drain urine into the minor calyces. b. Major calyces The major calyces are cup-shaped chambers in the kidney that collect urine from the minor calyces. There are 2-3 major calyces in each kidney located in the renal sinus. c. Renal papillae The renal papillae are the innermost tip portions of the renal pyramids. They are located in the medulla and are where urine exits the collecting ducts to enter the minor calyces. d. Minor calyces The minor calyces are small cup-shaped tubes that surround the papillae and collect urine from the ducts. There are several minor calyces per kidney that empty urine into the major calyces. They are located in the cortex. 16. Which structure are the arrows pointing to?

a. Minor calyces The minor calyces are small cup-shaped tubes that surround the papillae and collect urine from the ducts. There are several minor calyces per kidney that empty urine into the major calyces. They are located in the cortex. b. Major calyces The major calyces are cup-shaped chambers in the kidney that collect urine from the minor calyces. There are 2-3 major calyces in each kidney located in the renal sinus. c. Renal papillae The renal papillae are the innermost tip portions of the renal pyramids. They are located in the medulla and are where urine exits the collecting ducts to enter the minor calyces. d. Renal pelvis The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped chamber that collects urine drained from the kidney before it enters the ureter. It is located in the innermost part of the kidney called the renal sinus. 17. Which structure is the arrow pointing to?

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a. Minor calyces The minor calyces are small cup-shaped tubes that surround the papillae and collect urine from the ducts. There are several minor calyces per kidney that empty urine into the major calyces. They are located in the cortex. b. Renal papillae The renal papillae are the innermost tip portions of the renal pyramids. They are located in the medulla and are where urine exits the collecting ducts to enter the minor calyces. c. Major calyces The major calyces are cup-shaped chambers in the kidney that collect urine from the minor calyces. There are 2-3 major calyces in each kidney located in the renal sinus. d. Renal pelvis The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped chamber that collects urine drained from the kidney before it enters the ureter. It is located in the innermost part of the kidney called the renal sinus. 18. Which structure is the arrow pointing to? a. Major calyces The major calyces are cup-shaped chambers in the kidney that collect urine from the minor calyces. There are 2-3 major calyces in each kidney located in the renal sinus. b. Renal papillae The renal papillae are the innermost tip portions of the renal pyramids. They are located in the medulla and are

where urine exits the collecting ducts to enter the minor calyces. c. Minor calyces The minor calyces are small cup-shaped tubes that surround the papillae and collect urine from the ducts. There are several minor calyces per kidney that empty urine into the major calyces. They are located in the cortex. d. Renal pelvis The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped chamber that collects urine drained from the kidney before it enters the ureter. It is located in the innermost part of the kidney called the renal sinus. 19. Which structure is the arrow pointing to? a. Glomerulus The glomerulus is a ball-shaped network of capillaries located inside the renal corpuscle in the cortex of the kidney. It filters blood by removing wastes and excess water and ions to form urine. b. Afferent arteriole The afferent arteriole carries blood into the glomerulus. It branches off from the renal artery and enters the renal corpuscle, supplying blood to be filtered. c. Efferent arteriole The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration. It exits the renal corpuscle and connects to the peritubular capillaries. d. Renal artery The renal artery directly branches off the abdominal aorta and carries blood to the kidney. It subdivides into segmental, interlobar, arcuate and cortical radiate arteries leading to the afferent arterioles. 20. Which structure is the arrow pointing to?

a. Renal artery The renal artery directly branches off the abdominal aorta and carries blood to the kidney. It subdivides into segmental, interlobar, arcuate and cortical radiate arteries leading to the afferent arterioles. b. Glomerulus The glomerulus is a ball-shaped network of capillaries located inside the renal corpuscle in the cortex of the kidney. It filters blood by removing wastes and excess water and ions to form urine. c. Afferent arteriole The afferent arteriole carries blood into the glomerulus. It branches off from the renal artery and enters the renal corpuscle, supplying blood to be filtered. d. Efferent arteriole The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration. It exits the renal corpuscle and connects to the peritubular capillaries. 21. Which structure is the arrow pointing to? a. Glomerulus The glomerulus is a ball-shaped network of capillaries located inside the renal corpuscle in the cortex of the kidney. It filters blood by removing wastes and excess water and ions to form urine. b. Afferent arteriole The afferent arteriole carries blood into the glomerulus. It branches off from the renal artery and enters the renal corpuscle, supplying blood to be filtered.

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c. Renal artery The renal artery directly branches off the abdominal aorta and carries blood to the kidney. It subdivides into segmental, interlobar, arcuate and cortical radiate arteries leading to the afferent arterioles. d. Efferent arteriole The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration. It exits the renal corpuscle and connects to the peritubular capillaries. 22. Which structure is the arrow pointing to? a. Macula densa The macula densa are specialized cells located in the distal convoluted tubule, near the glomerulus. They monitor salt concentrations in the tubule and release renin if levels get too low. b. Mesangial cells Mesangial cells provide structural support to the glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle. They also regulate glomerular filtration by contracting or relaxing. c. Granular cells Granular cells are another name for juxtaglomerular cells. They are located near the afferent and efferent arterioles and release renin to regulate blood pressure.

D313 Section 4 - Urinary Structure and Function

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