BIO206M10ET238_DNARNAandProteinSynthesis_278115

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Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Student Name Harley Odom Student ID 278115 Lesson DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Institution American National University Session BIO206 M10E T238 Course BIO206 M10E T238 Instructor Stephanie Denton Final Report Test Your Knowledge BIO206 M10E T238 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Composed of two chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix The process by which a single strand of RNA is synthesized from DNA Triplet of nucleotides containing the instructions for the production of amino acids The process by which proteins are formed from the genetic code of mRNA Molecule consisting of a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogenous base Match each term with the best description. DNA Transcription Codon Translation Nucleotide 1 2 3 4 5

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Exploration True False Identify each statement as true or false 1 RNA polymerase binds to the template strand of the DNA molecule. Some point mutations result in changes to translated polypeptides while other point mutations have no effect on translation. 2 Frameshift mutations occur when one nucleotide is substituted for another in DNA. tRNA forms the small subunit of a ribosome. Four _____ form the structure of DNA. amino acids nucleotides proteins carbohydrates Thymine is replaced with _____ in RNA. adenine cytosine uracil guanine

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Exercise 1 A complete ribosome is formed during the _____ step of translation. elongation initiation maximization termination A stop codon codes for the amino acid proline. True False Frameshift mutations result when one or more nucleotides are added or removed from DNA. True False Adenine, Cytosine, and Thymine are the three nucleotide sequences that compose messenger RNA codons. Each and every codon represents an amino acid of its own or serves as an indicator to start or stop protein creation. There are just three stop codons and a total of 61 codons which represent codes for amino acids. Amino acids represent the fundamental components of proteins. For the production of proteins, twenty distinct types of amino acids are able to be combined together in various ways. Each of the amino acid is represented by a codon or codons. Peptide bonds connect chains of amino acids to produce complex structures known as proteins. They perform a range of functions in the body, similar to building blocks, antibodies, hormones, and enzymes. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the order of codons in the mRNA, which is generated from the DNA sequence. What is the relationship between codons, amino acids, and proteins? Include the definitions of each term and reference your results Data Table 1 in your explanation.

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Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Data Table 1: Protein Synthesis Exercise 2 The initial phase in transcription is initiation, in which the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter area of the DNA before further unwinding of the DNA occurs so that the enzyme can read and create RNA (See Table 1 DNA Coding strand (5' to 3'). Elongation is the second step of transcription, in which mRNA is created by adding nucleotide bases to the complementary base pair technique. (See Table 1). DNA template strand (3' to 5") - |TAC|TGG|TTG|TTC|GCG|TCA| Describe the three steps of transcription. Reference the example provided in Data Table 1 in your answer. The three steps of translation are initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation - The first step in translation is initiation. The initiation complex is formed with the help of mRNA and ribosomes (small+ large subunits) and tRNA along with methionine amino acid and at the mRNA which has AUG codon tRNA will bind and the process begins. Elongation - Elongation is the second step in translation, where the ribosome moves along the length of the mRNA by deciphering the codon language of mRNA into amino acids with the help of tRNA forming all amino acids. Each link to one another with the help of peptide bonds (See table 1 Amino acids in polypeptide chain Met -Thr - Asn - Lys- Arg- Ser -. Termination - This is the third and last step of translation where the process stops and is terminated because of a specific stop codon present on the mRNA. This may be UAA, UAG, or UGA. In our data, it is UAA (See table 1 Amino acids in polypeptide chain Met -Thr - Asn - Lys- Arg- Ser -). Describe the three steps of translation. Reference the example in Data Table 1 in your answer. DNA Coding strand (5' to 3') |ATG|ACC|AAC|AAG|CGC|AGT|CGA|TGT|TAT|TTC|CTC|TAA| DNA Template strand (3' to 5') mRNA Strand (5' to 3') Amino acids coded for by mRNA TAC TGG TTG TTC GCG TCA GCT ACA ATA AAG GAG ATT AUG ACC AAC AAG CGC AGU CGA UGU UAU UUC CUC UAA Met Thr Ans Lys Arg Ser Arg Cys Tys Tyr Phe Leu Stop

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com DataTable 2: Mutations What effect did the point mutation have on the sequenced polypeptide in this exercise? Reference your results recorded in Data Table 2 in your explanation. 43 Word(s) The point mutation where the nucleotide base G is substituted with A that's when the coded amino acid changed from Val to Ile. The polypeptide sequence was created due to the mutation and is different from the original polypeptide sequence. (See Table 2) What effect did the frameshift mutation have on the sequenced polypeptide in this exercise? Reference your results recorded in Data Table 2 in your explanation. 99 / 10000 Word Limit Frameshift mutation had an effect on the sequenced polypeptide in this example. In this sample, we deleted the nucleotide base G from the third codon GUC. This caused the shift in the sequence, producing new codon, new amino acids, and new polypeptide sequence. Thus, all amino acids after the second amino acid are different from the original amino acid sequence. The frameshift mutation also caused the emergence of a stop codon at codon eight terminating the translation process (See Table 2) Translated frameshift mutation polypeptide (STOP Codon eight). This mutation produced a completely different polypeptide sequence. (See table 2) mRNA strand |AUG|GAG|GUC|UUU|AAG|AGA|CAU|UUA|GAU|UAG| Translated polypeptide chain mRNA point mutation Translated point mutation polypeptide mRNA frameshift mutation Translated frameshift mutation polypeptide Met Glu Val Phe Lys Arg His Leu Asp Stop AUG GAG AUC CUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU UAG Met Glu lle Phe Lys Arg His Leu Asp Stop AUG GAG UCU UUA AGA GAC AUU UAG AUU AG Met Glu Ser Leu Arg Asp lle Stop

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Competency Review In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. True False A _____ is a triplet of nucleotides that forms the genetic code for all organisms. polypeptide nitrogenous base codon ribosome Transcription creates an mRNA copy of the DNA _____ strand with uracil replacing thymine in the newly constructed mRNA. coding template initiation termination The _____ contains three binding locations where amino acids are connected to form a polypeptide chain during translation. small ribosomal subunit promoter large ribosomal subunit start codon

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Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com The _____ signals the release of the polypeptide chain from the ribosome during the termination phase of translation. promoter start codon initiator stop codon _____ mutations result when one nucleotide is substituted for another in DNA. Polymerase Point Frameshift Elongation The template DNA sequence below would be transcribed to 5' _____ 3' mRNA sequence. 3' TAC TGG TTG TTC 5' GUU CUU CCU GAU ATG ACC AAC AAG GAA CAA CCA GTA AUG ACC AAC AAG

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com Extension Questions The mRNA strand below codes for _____ amino acids. 5' AUG ACC AAC UAA 3' two three four five The sequence below is an example of a frameshift mutation of sequence AUG GAG GUC UAG. AUG GAG GGU CUA G True False

Copyright 2023 - Science Interactive | https://scienceinteractive.com A point mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for beta-hemoglobin, causes sickle cell anemia. The mutation causes adenine to be replaced by thymine at the seventh codon of the beta-globin gene, resulting in glutamic acid being replaced by valine in the beta-hemoglobin protein. the mRNA sequence 5’ AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG 3’ corresponds to the DNA sequence 3’ TAC CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CAC CTC TTC 5' Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease resulting from a copying error for the DNA sequence that codes for Beta-hemoglobin, the molecule that assists red blood cells with transporting oxygen. The mutated mRNA sequence has the nucleotide uracil instead of adenine in the seventh codon as illustrated in the sequence below. Apply your knowledge of transcription, translation, and mutations to answer the following questions: a. Is sickle cell anemia created by a point or frameshift mutation? b. What are the coding and template strands of DNA that correspond to the provided mRNA sequence? 5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG 3'

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