D313 Section 3 - Digestive System Organs and Tissues

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D313: Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab, Lab Questions Section 3 – Digestive System Organs and Tissues These are the questions for the labs from the course material. Please answer the questions, but also for each answer choice, explain why the choice is correct or incorrect. For example, if the answer is B, please explain why B is correct and why choices A, C, and D, etc., are incorrect, for each question. Also, for the images, label all parts of the image, if they are unlabeled. For the matching questions, explain all choices, even if they were not used to answer one of the questions. This will give you extra practice with the material, which will help with synthesis and retention. 1. Which organs are accessory digestive structures? Select three answers. a. Liver The liver is an accessory digestive organ. While it does not directly participate in the process of digestion, it plays a vital role in producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine. Bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. b. Mouth The mouth is not an accessory digestive organ but rather a primary digestive organ. It is involved in the initial mechanical and chemical digestion of food through processes such as chewing and the secretion of salivary enzymes like amylase. c. Pancreas The pancreas is an accessory digestive organ. It produces and releases digestive enzymes, including pancreatic amylase, lipase, and proteases, into the small intestine. These enzymes help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively. d. Salivary glands Salivary glands are accessory digestive organs. They produce and secrete saliva, which contains enzymes like amylase that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Saliva also helps with lubrication and the formation of a food bolus. 2. Which part of the large intestine attaches to the appendix?

a. Descending colon The descending colon is located on the left side of the abdomen, and it descends vertically from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon. It does not directly attach to the appendix. b. Ascending colon The ascending colon is located on the right side of the abdomen and travels vertically from the cecum to the hepatic flexure. It does not directly attach to the appendix. c. Transverse colon The transverse colon runs horizontally across the upper abdomen, connecting the ascending colon to the descending colon. It does not directly attach to the appendix. d. Cecum The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen. It is a pouch-like structure where the small intestine connects to the large intestine. The appendix is a small, finger-like projection attached to the cecum. 3. Which duct contains secretions from the liver and gallbladder but not from the pancreas? a. Common hepatic duct The common hepatic duct carries bile from the liver. It merges with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. b. Bile duct The bile duct, specifically the common bile duct, carries bile from the liver and gallbladder. It merges with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla where their secretions are combined before entering the duodenum. c. Pancreatic duct The pancreatic duct carries pancreatic secretions, including digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas, into the duodenum. It does not carry secretions from the liver and gallbladder. d. Cystic duct The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct. It carries bile from the gallbladder, which is stored and concentrated there, to the common bile duct. 4. Which muscle, highlighted in the image, is involved in chewing?

a. Medial Pterygoid The medial pterygoid muscle is one of the primary muscles involved in chewing. It is located in the inner portion of the jaw and helps to elevate and close the jaw during the biting and grinding motions of chewing. b. Masseter The masseter muscle is the main muscle responsible for chewing. It is a strong muscle located on the side of the face, connecting the lower jaw to the cheekbone. The masseter muscle elevates and closes the jaw during the chewing process. c. Mylohyoid The mylohyoid muscle is not directly involved in chewing. It is a thin, triangular muscle located at the bottom of the mouth, responsible for actions like swallowing and elevating the floor of the mouth. d. Lateral pterygoid The lateral pterygoid muscle is another muscle involved in chewing. It is located on the side of the face, near the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The lateral pterygoid muscle plays a crucial role in moving the jaw side to side and helps with the grinding motion of chewing. 5. Which teeth, found in the midline of the jaw, are adapted for cutting food?

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a. Canines Canines, also known as cuspids, are located on the sides of the incisors and are specialized for tearing and grasping food. They have a sharp, pointed shape that is useful for puncturing and ripping food rather than cutting. b. Molars Molars are located at the back of the mouth and are adapted for grinding and crushing food. They have large, flat surfaces with multiple cusps that are effective for breaking down food particles, but they are not primarily designed for cutting. c. Premolars Premolars, also known as bicuspids, are located between the canines and molars. They have a flatter surface compared to canines and are involved in chewing and grinding food, similar to molars. They are not specialized for cutting. d. Incisors Incisors are the teeth found in the midline of the jaw and are specifically adapted for cutting food. They have a thin, sharp edge that allows for precise cutting and biting actions. Incisors are primarily used for shearing and slicing food, especially during the initial stages of digestion. 6. How many deciduous teeth are present in humans? a. 32 The number 32 represents the total number of permanent teeth in humans, including both the adult dentition and the third

molars, also known as wisdom teeth. It does not reflect the number of deciduous teeth. b. 16 The correct number of deciduous teeth in humans is 16. Deciduous dentition, also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, consists of 20 teeth in total, with 10 teeth in each jaw. These teeth include 4 incisors, 2 canines, and 4 molars (2 in each quadrant), making a total of 16 deciduous teeth. c. 20 While 20 is the total number of deciduous teeth, it does not accurately answer the question of how many deciduous teeth are present in humans. The question specifically asks for the number of deciduous teeth, not the total count of both deciduous and permanent teeth. d. 28 The number 28 represents the total number of permanent teeth in humans, excluding the third molars (wisdom teeth). It does not correspond to the number of deciduous teeth. 7. What structure connects the oral cavity to the esophagus? a. Epiglottis The epiglottis is a flap-like structure located at the base of the tongue in the throat. Its primary function is to prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing by covering the opening of the larynx. While the epiglottis is involved in the swallowing process, it does not directly connect the oral cavity to the esophagus. b. Larynx The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, is located in the throat and houses the vocal cords. It plays a crucial role in phonation (sound production) and airway protection. The larynx is not the structure that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus. c. Pharynx The pharynx, specifically the portion called the oropharynx, connects the oral cavity to the esophagus. The oropharynx serves as a common pathway for both food and air. It is the region where the throat is located and acts as a junction between the oral cavity and the esophagus.

d. Buccal region The buccal region refers to the cheek area of the face. It does not directly connect the oral cavity to the esophagus. 8. Which region of the stomach receives the food bolus from the esophagus? a. Body region The body region of the stomach is located between the fundus (upper portion) and the pyloric region (lower portion). While the body region plays a role in mixing and grinding the food, it does not specifically receive the food bolus from the esophagus. b. Pyloric region The pyloric region is the lower portion of the stomach, located near the pylorus, which is the muscular valve that regulates the release of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. The pyloric region is not the initial region that receives the food bolus from the esophagus. c. Cardiac region The cardiac region, also known as the cardia or cardiac sphincter, is the area of the stomach that connects to the esophagus. It is located near the opening of the esophagus and receives the food bolus when it enters the stomach during swallowing. e. Fundal region The fundal region, or fundus, is the upper portion of the stomach, located above the body region. The fundus does not receive the food bolus directly from the esophagus but participates in the storage and mixing of food in the stomach. 9. Where is the pancreas located? a. Superior to the liver The pancreas is not located superior to the liver. The liver is positioned in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, while the pancreas has a different location.

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b. Posterior to the stomach The pancreas is situated behind (posterior to) the stomach in the abdominal cavity. It lies in close proximity to the posterior wall of the stomach. c. Anterior to the diaphragm The pancreas is not located anterior to the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. d. Inferior to the jejunum The jejunum is a portion of the small intestine, and the pancreas is not positioned inferior to it. The pancreas has a distinct location within the abdominal cavity. 10. Which structure is labeled C in the image? a. Sigmoid colon The sigmoid colon is located in the lower left side of the abdomen. It is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine that connects the descending colon to the rectum. b. Duodenum The duodenum is the first and shortest segment of the small intestine. It is located in the upper abdomen, specifically in the area near the stomach.

c. Jejunum The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, situated between the duodenum and the ileum. It occupies the upper part of the abdominal cavity, extending from the duodenum to the ileum. d. Ascending colon The ascending colon is part of the large intestine and is located on the right side of the abdomen. It starts at the cecum, which is the pouch-like structure at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, and ascends towards the transverse colon, which crosses the abdomen horizontally. 11. How many lobes does the liver have? a. 2 The liver does not have only two lobes. The liver is composed of several lobes, and its anatomical structure is more complex than just two lobes. b. 3 The liver does not have only three lobes. While the liver has distinct regions, it is not typically divided into three lobes. c. 4 The liver does not have only four lobes. Although there are different anatomical divisions within the liver, it is not typically divided into four lobes. d. 6 The liver has six lobes. The liver's internal structure consists of six main lobes or segments: the right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, and the two smaller lobes known as the left lateral lobe and the right medial lobe. These lobes have different functions and blood supply. 12. Where is the liver located? a. Inferior to the duodenum The liver is not located inferior to the duodenum. The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine, and the liver is positioned in a different area of the abdominal cavity. b. Posterior to the gallbladder The liver is located posterior to the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ that stores and concentrates bile, and it is situated on the inferior surface of the liver.

c. Posterior to the esophagus The liver is not located posterior to the esophagus. The esophagus is part of the digestive system and connects the throat to the stomach, while the liver is positioned elsewhere in the abdominal cavity. d. Inferior to the diaphragm The liver is located inferior to the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) from the abdominal cavity. The liver occupies the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, positioned just below the diaphragm. 13. Which organ of the digestive system produces bile? a. Pancreas While the pancreas is an important organ in the digestive system, it does not produce bile. The pancreas primarily produces and releases digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, and proteases) into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively. b. Liver The liver is the organ responsible for the production of bile. Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver continuously produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine. c. Gallbladder The gallbladder is not responsible for the production of bile but rather for the storage and concentration of bile. When needed for digestion, the gallbladder contracts and releases the concentrated bile into the small intestine through the common bile duct. d. Spleen The spleen is not involved in the production of bile. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system and plays a role in immune function, blood filtration, and red blood cell storage and recycling. 14. Which organ is found under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver? a. Pancreas The pancreas is not found under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and extends horizontally across the upper abdomen.

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b. Gallbladder The gallbladder is the organ found under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that is positioned on the undersurface of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. c. Stomach The stomach is not located under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The stomach is situated in the upper left side of the abdomen, adjacent to the liver, but it is not directly beneath the liver. d. Spleen The spleen is not found under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach, but it is not positioned beneath the liver. 15. Which duct joins the common hepatic duct? a. Bile duct The bile duct joins the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct is a bile duct that carries bile from the liver. It merges with the cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder, to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then continues to the duodenum to deliver bile for digestion. b. Duodenal duct There is no such thing as a "duodenal duct." The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, and it receives digestive secretions from various sources, including the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct, but it does not have a specific duct of its own. c. Pancreatic duct While the pancreatic duct is involved in the digestive system, it does not join the common hepatic duct. The pancreatic duct carries pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum to aid in digestion. It typically merges with the common bile duct at a shared opening called the hepatopancreatic ampulla (also known as the ampulla of Vater), but it does not directly join the common hepatic duct. d. Cystic duct The cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct carries bile from the liver, while the cystic duct connects to the gallbladder. The union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the common bile duct,

which transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. 16. Which membrane covers the surface of the stomach? a. Parietal peritoneum The parietal peritoneum is the outer layer of the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It does not directly cover the surface of the stomach. b. Mesocolon The mesocolon is a peritoneal fold that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall. It is not specifically associated with covering the surface of the stomach. c. Visceral peritoneum The visceral peritoneum covers the surface of the stomach. The visceral peritoneum is the inner layer of the peritoneum that directly covers and encloses the organs within the abdominal cavity, including the stomach. d. Falciform ligament The falciform ligament is a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. It does not cover the surface of the stomach. 17. Which structure separates the small intestine from the large intestine? a. Anal valve The anal valve, also known as the valves of Houston, is a set of three small valves located within the anal canal. It helps prevent the backflow of feces during the process of defecation. However, it is not the structure that separates the small intestine from the large intestine. b. Pyloric sphincter The pyloric sphincter, also called the pylorus, is a muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach. It controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. It is not involved in separating the small intestine from the large intestine. c. Ileocecal valve The ileocecal valve is the structure that separates the small intestine from the large intestine. It is located at the junction between the terminal portion of the small intestine, known as the ileum, and the beginning of the large intestine, known as the cecum. The ileocecal valve regulates

the flow of digested materials from the small intestine into the large intestine and helps prevent backflow. d. Duodenal sphincter The duodenal sphincter does not separate the small intestine from the large intestine. It refers to the sphincter of Oddi, a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. 18. Where does the esophagus lie in relation to the trachea? a. Anterior to the trachea The esophagus is not located anterior (in front of) the trachea. The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is positioned in front of the esophagus. b. Proximal to the trachea Proximal refers to a location closer to the point of origin or attachment. In this case, both the esophagus and the trachea originate from the throat area. Thus, it is not accurate to describe the esophagus as proximal to the trachea. c. Posterior to the trachea The esophagus is located posterior (behind) the trachea. When viewed from the front, the trachea is positioned in front of the esophagus, and the esophagus lies behind it. d. Medial to the trachea Medial refers to a location closer to the midline of the body. In this case, both the esophagus and the trachea are positioned centrally in the neck area, parallel to the midline. Therefore, it is not accurate to describe the esophagus as medial to the trachea. 19. Which muscle in the oral cavity is responsible for strong movements required for swallowing? a. Lingual The lingual muscle, also known as the tongue, is primarily responsible for strong movements required for swallowing. The tongue performs various actions during the

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swallowing process, including pushing food toward the back of the throat (oropharynx) to initiate the swallowing reflex. b. Styloglossus The styloglossus muscle is one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. While it does not directly produce strong movements required for swallowing, it assists in retracting and elevating the tongue during the swallowing process. Therefore, it contributes to the overall coordination of swallowing. c. Temporalis The temporalis muscle is a muscle of mastication (chewing) located in the temporal region of the head. It is responsible for closing the jaw and assisting in the chewing process, but it is not directly involved in the strong movements required for swallowing. d. Buccal The buccal muscles are the muscles of the cheeks. They contribute to facial expressions and assist in keeping the food within the oral cavity during chewing but do not play a major role in the strong movements required for swallowing. 20. Starting at the lumen of the stomach and moving outward, what is the order of the four layers of the stomach wall? a. Muscularis, serosa, submucosa, mucosa This statement is incorrect. The correct order should start with the innermost layer next to the lumen. b. Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis This statement is incorrect. The order of the layers is not accurate. c. Muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, serosa The correct order of the layers of the stomach wall, starting from the lumen and moving outward, is muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, and serosa. The muscularis layer is responsible for the movements of the stomach during digestion. The submucosa layer contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the stomach wall. The mucosa is the innermost layer and is responsible for the secretion of gastric juices. The serosa is the outermost layer and provides a protective covering for the stomach. d. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa This statement is incorrect. The order of the layers is not accurate.

For questions 21-30 , use the diagram on the next page to identify the structures of the digestive system.

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Choices: Anus Gallbladder Small Intestine Ascending colon Liver Stomach Descending colon Pancreas Transverse colon Esophagus Rectum 21. Which structure is labeled A? Esophagus 22. Which structure is labeled B? Liver 23. Which structure is labeled C? Stomach 24. Which structure is labeled D? Gallbladder 25. Which structure is labeled E? Pancreas 26. Which structure is labeled F? Transverse colon 27. Which structure is labeled G? Ascending colon 28. Which structure is labeled H? Descending colon 29. Which structure is labeled I? Small Intestine 30. Which structure is labeled J? Rectum 31. Which structure is labeled K? Anus

D313 Section 3 - Digestive System Organs and Tissues

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